Original Article (Quantified)
Mina Irandegani; Naser Nastiezaie
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational stroke on teacher’s organizational cynicism with mediating of organizational rumor. The research method is descriptive-correlative. The statistical population of the study was all primary teachers in Konarak city (Sistan ...
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational stroke on teacher’s organizational cynicism with mediating of organizational rumor. The research method is descriptive-correlative. The statistical population of the study was all primary teachers in Konarak city (Sistan and Baluchestan province) in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=476), which were studied by random-stratified sampling (by gender) of 213 teachers through questionnaires of organizational stroke (Farajvand & Mesri, 2021), organizational cynicism (Kalagan et al., 2009), and organizational rumor (Dağli & Han, 2018). Correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data by using SPSS and Smart PLS softwares. Correlation coefficient findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational stroke, organizational cynicism and organizational rumor. The results of structural equation model showed that the direct effect of organizational stroke on teacher's organizational cynicism is positive and significant. Also, the indirect effect of organizational stroke on teacher's organizational cynicism through mediation of organizational rumor is positive and significant. Thus organizational stroke not only directly increases the teachers' organizational cynicism but also can increase the organizational cynicism by increasing organizational rumor.Extended abstractIntroductionIf teachers become cynicism about the education organization and school, it will reduce their participation in the decisions and activities of the organization, because they do not trust and believe in the intentions and plans of the organization and management. As a result, they will not have a commitment to the goals of the organization. Teachers' non-commitment to the goals of the education organization and school also causes them not only to withdraw extra effort in order to achieve organizational goals, but also not to perform their official and organizational duties in an optimal way. This issue leads to inefficiency and ineffectiveness of educational organizations (Zohoorparvandeh & Shokrollahi, 2017). When teachers in the process of effective communication with communication barriers, lack of transparency, and lack of received information, and experience an organizational stroke, their suspicion towards the education organization and school increases. In a poorly managed school, rumors can demoralize teachers and staff and increase anxiety, conflicts, and misunderstandings. School administrators should be careful about gossips in the workplace, as it affects teachers and causes pessimistic behavior among them. Therefore, it is necessary to study this phenomenon in schools. Thus, the main purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of organizational stroke on teachers' organizational cynicism with the mediating role of organizational rumors.Theoretical FrameworkCynicism is among the attitudinal variables that have recently been discussed as the background of unethical behavior (Moghaddam & Mahmoudi Meymand, 2018). Cynicism is an attitude of disillusionment with society and organizations and mistrust towards others, and this negative attitude has permeated many organizations and is the main reason for many undesirable and negative organizational consequences and one of the problematic issues in the workplace (Mehrabi & Estiri, 2014). Cynicism is classified into three types: emotional cynicism, cognitive cynicism, and behavioral cynicism. Emotional cynicism includes emotional reactions such as irritation, anger, tension and anxiety. When the origin of these feelings is management behavior, it affects the commitment and motivation of employees. When employees believe that deception and personal gain are common in the organization, they feel cognitive cynicism. For example, cognitive mistrust is created when employees believe that the organization does not value their contribution and does not pay attention to them. Behavioral cynicism appears in the negative behaviors of employees; behaviors such as criticizing the organization, sarcastic jokes, suspicious interpretations of the organization's events, and pessimistic predictions of the organization's future indicate behavioral skepticism (Mete, 2013).Communication is one of the most important elements of the management process. The existence of effective and correct communication in the organization is always considered one of the important components in the success of management. It has been proved by experience that if correct communication is not established in the organization, the flow of affairs is disrupted and things become chaotic (Nasiri Valik Bani, 2017). In a kind of metaphorical view of the organization and management, effective communication has been likened to the "heart of management" through which information is transferred throughout the organization and feeds the cells of the organization, i.e. human resources. If the heart of management, i.e. effective communication, cannot deliver the flow of information correctly to the departments and members of the organization, the performance of that department or member will be disrupted and an organizational stroke will occur (Mottaghi & Asghari Sarem, 2013). The antecedents of organizational stroke include lack of openness, lack of consensus, lack of support, lack of individual similarity, negativity, lack of education, lack of skills; and its consequences include structural damage, psychological damage, behavioral damage, and social damage (Shajari, Asghari, Sarem & Samadi, 2021b).Rumor is a possible social phenomenon, and gossiping is a favorite activity for people in society, so that people volunteer to spread rumors with a significant frequency, and 65-90% of their conversations are related to rumors (Beersma & Van Kleef, 2011). Although experts have divided rumors into two types; positive and negative (Babaei Aghbolagh & Sattari Ardabili, 2018), many psychology and organizational behavior researchers consider rumors to have a negative function and organizational rumors to be a type of organizational disease (organizational syndrome) which is an inhibiting factor for advancing organizational goals and reduces the productivity of human resources (Khanifar et al., 2011).Research methodologyThe research method is descriptive-correlative in nature, and applicable in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 476 primary teachers in Konarak (Sistan and Baluchestan province) in the academic year 2021-2022. Based on Cochran's sampling formula and stratified random sampling (according to gender), 213 teachers were selected as samples. Questionnaires of organizational stroke (Farajvand & Mesri, 2021), organizational rumor (Dağli & Han, 2018) and organizational suspicion (Kalagan et al., 2009) were used. Also, correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used for data analysis using SPSS21 and Smart PLS software.Research FindingsThe first finding showed that organizational stroke has a positive and significant effect on organizational cynicism (β=0.21, t=2.03).The second finding showed that organizational stroke has a positive and significant effect on organizational rumors (β=0.54, t=9.53).The third finding showed that organizational rumors have a positive and significant effect on organizational cynicism (β=0.32, t=9.53).The fourth finding showed that organizational stroke has a positive and significant effect on organizational cynicism through the mediation of organizational rumors (β=0.172, t=4.62).ConclusionOverall, the findings of this study showed that organizational stroke has a positive and significant effect on teachers' organizational suspicion with the mediating role of organizational rumors. Therefore, it is suggested that the managers of educational centers should promote and encourage the establishment of correct and effective organizational communication for their teachers, create organizational structures that accelerate organizational communication, and eliminate any slowness and confusion in communication in order to prevent the organizational stroke phenomenon from occurring. The management of the organization must design effective communication channels in the organization so that communication and information are faced with the least possible damage. Also, educational managers should reduce the spread of organizational rumors and organizational suspicion of teachers towards the school and the education organization through strengthening the norms of feeling useful and productive and giving identity to teachers and stimulating them to participate more in various meetings and ceremonies in order to develop social networks of the organization, create higher trust between teachers and the management of the educational organization through establishing open communication and transparent, correct information and dissemination of good and bad news of the organization, continuous participation of teachers with senior managers and clear and transparent accountability of senior managers, transparent and objective assessment of performance. Finally, since informal networks and interest groups influence the spread of rumors and mistrust among teachers, it is suggested to the managers of educational centers to use them for the benefit of the interests and goals of the organization by infiltrating these groups. This research has limitations. Since this study was conducted on elementary school teachers of Konarak city (Sistan and Baluchistan province); generalizing the results to other teachers must be conducted cautiously. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct such a study on the teachers of other cities. Also, since the research method was quantitative, it is suggested to other researchers to conduct such studies in a qualitative or mixed method.
Original Article (Quantified)
Reza Besharati
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of "human and financial resources" on the operational planning process in teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 176 planning experts participated in this applicable research, which was performed using review, comparative, ...
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of "human and financial resources" on the operational planning process in teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 176 planning experts participated in this applicable research, which was performed using review, comparative, and quantitative methods. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which was designed based on review and comparative studies of various operational planning models. Its validity was confirmed by consulting experts, and its reliability was confirmed by pilot studies and Cronbach's alpha calculation of 0.96. After data collection, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Spss22 and Amos22 software. There has been the highest score of an average of 4.35 in the results of the variable "Supply of specialized manpower for the development and implementation of programs" in the survey of experts opinion, and the most importance has been in the analysis of variable "Accurate calculation of program costs" by varimax rotation method with a factor load of 0.772. Also the effect of "human and financial resources" factor in operational planning in teaching hospitals based on the calculation of the regression coefficient of factor analysis was estimated to be 0.829. Therefore, providing "financial and human resources" affects the quality of medical and educational services of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences hospitals, and the optimal use of these resources can improve the performance of operational planning in hospitals.Extended abstractIntroductionPlanning is of special importance in the pyramid of managerial tasks. It is the most basic principle of management that affects all the tasks of managers; performing other tasks will be possible when planning is achieved (Seyed Javadin, 2019). Operational planning with a realistic view relies solely on the available facilities and is short-lived, and the preparation of the operational and executive plan is the stage in which the output of the plans is determined and resources such as personnel, financial resources and training budget, equipment, information and technology are allocated. Budgeting and financing is one important aspect of the planning process in organizations or its affiliated units (Tabibi, 2018). Teaching hospitals affiliated with medical universities in the country are not only considered as one of the important institutions providing health services (Barouni, 2015), but also as an educational environment for medical students. Clinical departments in fact have a high potential in creating the best learning and teaching opportunities for medical education, and the quality of the educational environment plays an important role in the effectiveness of students' learning (Rezaei et al, 2020). Lack of belief in planning, mismatch of goals and activities, lack of proper planning model, lack of specialized and trained manpower, and lack of budget have been among the most important planning challenges (Mosadeghred et al, 2020). Meet the human needs of the program and practice to acquire planning skills by them, limited resources, the need to create coordination between different parts of the organization, create team spirit and commitment in key people to achieve goals, increasing demand for services, preventing the exercise of tastes, and avoiding multiple workloads (Tabibi, 2018) highlights the need for research on the impact of financial and human resources on operational planning; so in the present study we seek to answer the question of the extent of impact of human and financial resources on the planning process of the operation planning in the teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.Theoretical Framework: Planning means determining the future path and method to achieve a goal. It can be said that recognizing and predicting and determining the steps and sequence of operations by time, cost and necessary manpower, control if necessary and revise them is called operational planning (Asefzadeh, 2018). Mossadegh Rad et al (2020) in a study on planning in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, examined its challenges and solutions and concluded that poor management and leadership, poor planning, inappropriate organizational culture, lack of attention to organizational learning and poor management of staff and resources and work processes are major barriers to planning for university administrators (Mosadeghred et al, 2020). The results of the study of Nafari and Behruzi (2022) to investigate the relationship between human resource strategies and organizational performance in a public hospital in Isfahan, showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between human resource strategies in planning and organizational performance, and organizational performance in learning and growth perspective had the highest correlation with human resource strategies, and financial perspective had the lowest correlation; all human resource strategies were effective on organizational performance (Nafari & Rezaei, 2022).Balqis Free et al, (2021) in a study examined the impact of human resource planning and management on hospital services in Indonesia and concluded that innovative methods of human resource management and knowledge management such as medical, nursing and Electronics management services can improve the performance of hospitals (Balqis Ferry et al, 2021). Shortell et al, (2019) in their research studied the relationship between human resource and financial functions and information technology on the performance of hospitals in the University of California and concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between human resource, financial and information technology functions and hospital performance, and managers must have the necessity skills to use these resources to achieve goals (Shortell et al, 2019).Methodology:The present study is an applicable type in terms of purpose in which review, comparative and quantitative methods have been used in order to collect data and analyze them. This study sought to investigate the impact of human and financial resources on the operational planning process in the teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. In the first stage, different theoretical and practical models of operational planning were collected through library studies and literature review, and then the different dimensions of these models were arranged in a comparative table. In the second stage, a research questionnaire was designed and validated. The questionnaire was adjusted according to the different variables of the studied models in such a way that it could cover the necessary components to examine the effect of different factors in hospital planning. This questionnaire was distributed among 30 academic experts and specialists in operational planning in hospitals to be validated and their opinions were applied. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the modified questionnaire was tested by pilot in three hospitals and Cronbach's alpha was calculated (0.96), and finally the study tool was extracted as a questionnaire containing 44 questions. In the third stage of the study called field study, the final questionnaire from the previous stage were distributed among 176 people (4 times the questionnaire questions); professors of health services management, members of the planning committees of the University of Medical Sciences, heads and managers, supervisors and experts of the Office of Hospital Excellence, which had sufficient knowledge and experience in designing and preparing hospital programs, and the necessary data were collected and analyzed with SPSS22 software. In the fourth stage of the research, the factors affecting the operational planning of the hospital were extracted based on the findings of the field stage using exploratory factor analysis. In the fifth stage of the research, the exploratory factor from the fourth stage was validated by confirmatory factor analysis using Amos22 software.Discussion and Results:Examination of the average score of the respondents' opinions on the variables identified in this field showed that the variable "Supply of specialized manpower for the development and implementation of programs" with an average of 4.35 has the highest score among the variables in this field, this result is consistent with Findings of studies (Nazarzadeh et al, 2021), (Mosadeghred et al, 2020), (Gile et al, 2018), because one of the most important factors influencing the success of human resource planning is paying attention to human resource. The second important variable in experts viewpoint, this field has been accompanied by stakeholders, senior managers and executives to plan and implement it, which is consistent with the findings of studies (Pourrashidi, 2021), (Mostafapour et al, 2021), (Rezaei et al, 2020). in explaining these common results, it can be said that the association of these groups and individuals with programs has supportive, leadership, scientific, financial and intelligence roles. Another important finding in the field of human resources with a high average score from the perspective of research samples is "formulation of evaluation strategies of programs and practices"; this finding is consistent with the results of studies (Shortell et al, 2019), (Doshmanziari et al, 2018), (Mosadeghred et al, 2020), because the existence of employee evaluation systems and programs can exclude them from being slogans and non-operational. Findings of Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that the highest factor load for the examined variables were related to "accurate calculation of program costs", "review of how programs are financed" and "payment to employees based on their performance according to the plan", respectively. These findings are consistent with the results of research (Mosadeghred et al, 2020), (Mostafapour et al, 2021), (Nafari & Rezaei, 2022), (Rezaei et al, 2020), (Balqis Ferry et al, 2021), because there must be a clear link between the plan and its budget in operational planning. Research findingsIn the review stage, through comparison of 16 models of operational programming, their comparative matrix adjusted and the effective factors on operational programming in each model as well as the common and non-common parts was specified. Considering the comparative matrix of operational programming models, the effective factors on operational programming was named in the shape of 6 factors including financial and human resource provision. The high amount of kaizer- meyer- alkin index as much as 0.907 indicates the sufficiency of sample volume, and also significance of kroit bartlet test as much as 313.5461 and freedom degree of 955 and significance of <0.001 indicated the fitness of applying the factor analysis on the data of this research. In the survey of experts' opinion, the "Supply of specialized manpower for the development and implementation of programs " variable with the average of 4.35 had the highest score, and in analysis according to varimax rotation, the "Accurate calculation of program costs" variable with the factor load of 0.772 has had the most importance. Also, the effect of "financial and human resource" factor in operational programming in teaching hospitals was estimated 0.829 based on the regression coefficient calculation of factorial analysis.Conclusion:According to the research findings, the following items are suggested for the optimal use of financial and human resources in planning and as a result of improving the quality of medical and educational services in hospitals:Creating an organizational culture in the field of belief in planning and its implementation through continuous training of managers and employeesForming a team consisting of managers and experts in various fields for planningJustify and execute employees to participate in their planning and implementationContinuous monitoring of performance based on schedules and receiving the necessary feedback and making necessary corrections in schedulesBudgeting based on annual operational plans and preparing financial reports in a categorized manner and in accordance with the activities of the university, trying to attract and distribute and allocate resources at the appropriate time in the implementation of programs, providing specialized training and consulting to empower human resources to manage financial resources.
Original Article (Quantified)
Masoumeh dadashi; samira pali
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the causal model of job performance based on communication skills with the mediation of job conflict in teachers. Based on this, the research method was descriptive, carried out by a survey method. The statistical population was 295 people ...
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Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the causal model of job performance based on communication skills with the mediation of job conflict in teachers. Based on this, the research method was descriptive, carried out by a survey method. The statistical population was 295 people of elementary school teachers in Lahijan city in the academic year of 2021-2022 among whom 167 people was selected by simple random method as a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula. Data collection tools were Ladahl and Kenger's (1965) standard job engagement questionnaires, Patterson's job performance (1963), and Queen Dame's communication skills (2004). The validity of the questionnaires were examined and confirmed based on content validity using the experts' opinion, superficial validity based on some of the statistical population view, and structural validity by factor analysis method. The reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach's alpha method as 0.88 for job performance, 0.80 for communication skills, and 0.78 for job involvement. Data analysis were carried out at two levels, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including modeling of structural equations. The results showed that there is a relationship between communication skills and job involvement with an impact factor of 0.67, between communication skills and job performance with an impact factor of 0.79, and between job involvement and job performance with an impact factor of 0.76. On the other hand, communication skills have a direct relationship with job performance with an impact factor of 0.50. In other words, job engagement has a mediating role in the relationship between communication skills and job performance.
Extended abstract
Introduction
Job performance is an important organizational behavior that plays an effective role in the success of the organization. This is the reason why successful organizations make great efforts to find effective factors on performance and behavior by which increase the performance of their employees (both quantitatively and qualitatively) (Karimi & Shahdousti, 2017). Psychologists believe that motivations and needs have an effect on people's performance and ultimately on economic growth and development. Job performance is a composite structure based on which successful employees can be identified from unsuccessful ones through a set of specific criteria (Ahadi & etal, 2015). In other words, the performance can be considered as the calculation or measurement of the results, also the job performance is a reflection of the employee's knowledge, skills, behavior and moral values (Mohammadi & et al, 2018). Communication skills are those skills by which people can engage in interpersonal interactions and the communication process; a process during which people share their information, thoughts and feelings with each other through verbal and non-verbal exchange (Haddad & Ebrahimi, 2020). Effective communication skills play an important role in students' academic success (Bahadorikhosroshahi & Habibi Kaleybar, 2017) and improve teaching and learning, and increase students' motivation towards learning and education (Kilic, 2013). Another fundamental factor in improving teachers' job performance is the degree of their job involvement. Job involvement is an important variable attitude in maximizing organizational effectiveness. Job involvement mainly includes job satisfaction, power, dedication and attachment.
This study is trying to answer this question if there is a relationship between communication skills and job performance with regard to the mediation of the teachers' job involvement in primary schools in Lahijan city or not.
Theoretical Framework
Performance, that is, the result of the activities of the human force in terms of the implementation of assigned tasks after a certain time, which can have the aspect of productivity and efficiency, and also, it is the sum of the job-related behaviors that people show themselves (Ghaderabadi&etal, 2017).According to Hellriegel & Slocum (1996), communication skill is the ability to send and receive information, thoughts, feelings and attitudes (Amiruddin & et al, 2021). Communication skills refer to managers' ability to effectively transfer ideas and information to others and also to effectively receive ideas and information (Tari & et al, 2020).Job involvement refers to positive psychological conditions in a person that prompts him to be actively involved in his role and organization. Harter & et al (2003) have defined employee job involvement as a combination of emotional and cognitive variables in the work environment including satisfaction, happiness, prosperity and positivity (Tabatabai Adnan & et al, 2021).
Al-Halaby & Al-Fares, (2022) investigated the relationship between communication skills and the job performance of employees of Iraqi government organizations. The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the communication skills of employees and their job performance.
James & Tari, (2022) conducted a research entitled "The role of communication skills in improving the job performance of Rivers State University employees". The results of their research showed that there is a significant relationship between communication skills and the job performance of employees.
Methodology
The current research is applicable in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data analysis of correlation type (structural equation modeling). The statistical population of this research was made up of all the teachers of primary schools in Lahijan city, numbering 295 people (173 women and 122 men). 167 people were selected as a statistical sample by simple random sampling. In order to collect the data related to the communication skills variable, the questionnaire by Queendam (2004) was used, and the job involvement variable was based on the Ladahl and Kenger (1965) model, and the Patterson (1963) questionnaire was used for the job performance variable.
Discussion and Results
In order to investigate the research hypothesis and data analysis, SPSS and Lisrel software were used, and the results related to the first hypothesis showed that the strength of the relationship between communication skills and job engagement was calculated as equal to (0.67), which shows that the correlation is favorable. The significance statistic of the test was also obtained (7.65), which is more than the critical value of t at the 5% error level, i.e. (1.96), and it shows that the observed correlation is significant. Therefore, it can be said that communication skills have a positive and significant relationship with job involvement. The results related to the second hypothesis showed that the strength of the relationship between job involvement and job performance was calculated equal to (0.76), which shows that the correlation is favorable. The significance statistic of the test was also obtained (8.74), which is more than the critical value of t at the 5% error level, i.e. (1.96), and it shows that the observed correlation is significant. Therefore, it can be said that job involvement has a positive and significant relationship with job performance. The results related to the third hypothesis showed that the strength of the relationship between communication skills and job performance was calculated equal to (0.48), which shows that the correlation is favorable. The significance statistic of the test is also (5.46) which is more than the critical value of t at the 5% error level, i.e. (1.96) and shows that the observed correlation is significant. Therefore, it can be said that communication skills have a positive significant relationship with job performance. The fourth hypothesis analyzes the mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between communication skills and job performance. The results showed that the strength of the direct relationship between communication skills and job performance was calculated equal to (0.48), which shows that the correlation is favorable. The strength of the indirect relationship between communication skills and job performance considering the mediating role of job engagement is equal to (0.51). Considering that the power of the indirect path is greater than the direct path, the existence of the variable of job involvement increases the strength of the relationship and the mediating role of this variable is confirmed.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of job performance based on communication skills with the mediation of job involvement in elementary school teachers. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of Al-Halaby & Al-Fares (2022) and Yousefi (2021), ASAD & et al, (2022) and Rajabi farjad & farkhojaste (2021); as long as the teachers in their work environment can achieve the educational goals by spending their energy and capabilities and display a special performance, they will have the feeling that their maximum capabilities have been used to perform the assigned tasks and that they will be happy and refreshed if in their work environment are recognized as an exemplary teacher (Call & Ployhart, 2021). This procedure will increase the commitment and responsibility of teachers, and this will improve the overall effectiveness of the system and ultimately improve their performance. In this sense, the amount of overwork has not affected them, but their work satisfaction will increase along with their productivity.
According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that the authorities and those involved in education should provide a calm environment away from any tension for teachers to interact together. On the other hand, it should be noted that teachers should be rewarded based on their competence and merit. School administrators should take into consideration the performance and activities of teachers and give them feedback on their work. Involving school teachers in important educational decisions can help them improve their job performance. On the other hand, removing obstacles in the performance of teachers' duties and their direct interaction with other colleagues and asking about their work and hierarchical problems can play a significant role in improving job performance, and ultimately preventing and eliminating strict rules and administrative bureaucracy and creating flexibility in the way the teachers' training tasks are performed can also play an important role in improving communication skills and ultimately job performance.
Original Article (Mixed)
Mitra Moubed; Ali Nadizadeh; Parisa Shaker
Abstract
Abstract
The education system can fulfill its tasks when, in addition to quantity, it is also in good condition in terms of quality. On the other hand, due to national and global competition between universities and the fast growth of the number of them, these institutions are forced to increase their ...
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Abstract
The education system can fulfill its tasks when, in addition to quantity, it is also in good condition in terms of quality. On the other hand, due to national and global competition between universities and the fast growth of the number of them, these institutions are forced to increase their quality of services in order to become priority for the students and society. One of the important services of universities for students is their accommodation services in dormitories. Therefore, dormitory is an important part of universities as a second home and will replace the family for a group of students. A high quality and satisfaction of students from these services can help the academic progress, physical and mental health of students. In this paper, the quality of dormitory services of Ardakan University has been evaluated using the SERVQUAL model and analyzed by IPA. To achieve this goal, the data was collected using questionnaire from 145 students in Ardakan University by sequential sampling. Examining students' expectations and perceptions of the services and the gap between them has shown a negative gap in all aspects of service quality; the biggest gap for tangibles and the least one for assurance. Analysis of different aspects and questions in this research using IPA matrix showed the strengths, weaknesses and improvement priorities. The results of this study can be used in the evaluation and diagnosis of dormitory services of other universities, as well as Iran Tourism hotels.
Extended abstract
Introduction
Higher education is responsible for the social, cultural, economic and educational growth and development of the society and it should be of good quality in addition to quantity (Yasbolagi et al, 2015). On the other hand, competitions in the field of higher education have increased the pressure on universities and educational institutions to improve their capabilities and service quality. The customer and his satisfaction are key elements in different definitions of quality that contribute to the success and excellence of organizations and increase their profitability (Madanian & Shekarchizade, 2019). In universities, students are one of the important groups of customers whose satisfaction can be a determining factor for evaluating the institution's performance (Yazdani & Hajian, 2018). Evaluating the quality of university services from the perspective of students, as one of the basic requirements of modern management, can help in planning for the long-term success and survival of universities. Some of the university services for students include information technology services, library, welfare services, administrative services, education and dormitory services (Haji Mohammad & Khoshghalb, 2020).
The service quality model (SERQUAL) is one of the most widely used models for evaluating service quality, which was first introduced by Parasuraman et al. in 1985. This model defines service quality in five: tangibles, reliability, accountability, assurance and empathy.
In the studies with the Seroqual tool, the evaluation of the gap between the expectations and perceptions of customers has been used for quality analysis. Another method that is suggested for the analysis of different dimensions of quality is the use of the importance-performance matrix (IPA), which makes suggestions and priorities based on the importance of each issue. For example, this method was used in Stig University of Portugal to evaluate the quality of educational services, and suggestions for improvement were defined (Silva & Fernandes, 2011). In a university in Indonesia, the student satisfaction index and the IPA matrix have been used to evaluate the quality of laboratory services in key performance indicators. The satisfaction index of students in this study is 72%. The IPA analysis has shown priorities for improving these services in matters such as equipment adequacy, their calibration, laboratory safety and staff behavior (Sidik et al, 2019).
Considering the importance of university dormitory services and the gap observed in research on the subject, in this article a model for evaluating the quality of dormitory services with the help of serqual techniques and importance-performance analysis is presented. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of dormitory services in the university, which Ardakan University was selected as a case study. In this regard, the main question of the research is the quality of university dormitory services, which will be investigated based on the SERVQUAL model.
Theoretical Framework
In higher education, various studies have investigated the quality of educational services in different universities, which have often shown a negative gap in most dimensions of these services. Among the most recent of these studies, we can cite the evaluation of the satisfaction of university pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia (Sibai et al, 2021), students of dental and nursing colleges in Saudi Arabia and Egypt (Rabaa & Hala, 2022) and postgraduate students of medical sciences in Kermanshah (Toghroli et al, 2021). ). But in the university, in addition to educational services, other services are also provided. In a research to investigate students' satisfaction with the academic role of Babolsar city, it was shown that accommodation services and welfare services had the greatest effect, and sports services and employment facilities had the least effect on student satisfaction (Shamai & Mahmoodi, 2011). In our country, in the girls' dormitories of the Urmia University of Medical Sciences, researchers showed that the dormitory services are acceptable and satisfactory from the students' point of view, using SERQUAL questionnaires. However, a significant difference has been observed between the average satisfactions of students in different dormitories (Nabilou & Khani, 2015). In another qualitative research that was conducted among girls living in the dormitories of ten Iranian Universities, students were dissatisfied with the facilities of the rooms, the condition of the buildings, cultural and welfare facilities (Serajzadeh & Habibpour, 2019). In the dormitories of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, architectural and construction factors have been investigated and problems have been identified (Daliri & Hatami, (2022). In another study, the relationship between drug use and the quality of sleep and life in the dormitories of Allameh Tabatabai University was investigated (Kushkestani, 2020).
Another method used in studies to analyze different dimensions of quality is the use of the importance-performance matrix, which makes suggestions and priorities based on the importance of each issue. For example, this method was used in Stig University in Portugal to evaluate the quality of educational services (Silva & Fernandes, 2011); in a university in Indonesia to evaluate the quality of laboratory services (Sidik et al, 2019); in a university in China to evaluate the quality of English language teaching services (Wenyu, 2021); and in another university in Beijing to evaluate the quality of classroom teaching (Wang et al, 2022)).
Research methodology
The purpose of this applicable research, which was carried out with a survey-analytical method, is to evaluate the condition of the dormitories of Ardakan University. The statistical population of the present study is 1000 students living in the university dormitories, including 400 boys and 600 girls in four separate buildings. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and the number 88 was acquired at the 10% confidence level. To carry out this study, the standard questionnaire of Serqual model was adapted for dormitory services. This initial questionnaire was reviewed in several stages with the help of experts and university dormitory service officials, and the final questionnaire was prepared with 31 items in 5 dimensions.
In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaires, the opinions of at least 5 experts and relevant officials were used and the corrections were made according to their opinion. In order to measure reliability, a preliminary study was conducted with a random sample of 13 students, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.774 for expectations and 0.848 for perceptions. Since the coefficients are higher than 0.7, the questionnaire has the necessary reliability.
Research Findings
First, hypotheses were proposed based on the research questions, and then SPSS 19 software was used for inferential statistical analysis. The results of the statistical tests showed that students' expectations of different aspects of dormitory services are higher than average and their perception of these dimensions is lower than average. Students were most satisfied with the quality of services in terms of guarantee, accountability, empathy, confidence and tangibles respectively. Also, in all dimensions of service quality, a significant gap was observed between expectations and perceptions. The students' satisfaction with the dormitory services was different among different dormitories, and based on the average, the best services were provided in the Derakhshan, Farhang, and Payam Noor dormitories, respectively. The variables of age, year of entering the university and duration of residence did not affect the satisfaction of students.
In gap analysis models, researchers believe that the lower the service quality, the higher the receivers' expectations. In other words, the presence of defects and gaps in one dimension has an aggravating effect and causes quality loss in other dimensions (Yazdani & Hajian, 2018). Therefore, prioritizing improvement measures and allocating funds to dimensions with the largest negative gaps can be effective in reducing other negative gaps as well.
The biggest negative gap of this research was in the tangible dimension; despite the university's investment in building and equipping new dormitories, this dimension still failed to attract students' satisfaction, and it is also recognized as a weakness in the IPA matrix. Also, this matrix has correctly classified the allocation of funds for "updating the dormitory infrastructure" in the resource waste group. The priority of other problems identified in this dimension is mentioned in the previous paragraph. The second negative gap in the confidence dimension indicates the failure to fulfill the promises made to the students. But since this dimension is located in the fourth area of the IPA matrix, it has little priority for improvement. The review of the items also showed that only the item "quickly fixing the created problems" as a weakness has a higher priority for improvement. Based on these results, there is currently no priority for improvement in the other three dimensions.
Conclusion
The results of this research, like (Putri & Anffraini, 2018) and (Serajzadeh & Habibpour, 2019), show a significant gap between the expectations and perceptions of students about the quality of dormitory services. In other articles that have evaluated the quality of hostel services, the quality gap has not been measured. Compared to the work of Putri & Anffraini (2018), this research has also identified the priority of improvement in each of the dimensions with the help of IPA matrix. Naturally, the improvement priorities in the two universities are different from each other; but in both cases, improvement of tangibles and physical facilities has been among priorities. Similarly, in the study of the opinions of female students living in the dormitories of ten Iranian Universities, the physical epuipments and facilities of the rooms were also among the dissatisfaction cases (Serajzadeh & Habibpour, 2019). Also, the results of this research, like the work of Nabilou & Khani (2015) conducted in Urmia University, show a significant difference between the qualities of different dormitories of a university.
Conducting a similar study periodically can show the effectiveness of the various measures taken. Future researchers can use other methods to prioritize improvement measures in dormitories. Another suggestion is to examine ways to save money and reduce the costs of dormitories in order to fund the cost measures for improvement in the dormitories. Considering the service gap related to the behavior and attitudes of employees, it is suggested that future researchers identify and prioritize the educational needs of dormitory employees.
Original Article (Quantified)
Sima lotfi; haideh ashouri
Abstract
Abstract
The main purpose of the current research was to determine the relationship between academic optimism and academic engagement with the mediating role of goal orientation and academic identity of students in secondary girls' schools in Abbas Abad city. This research was applicable in terms of ...
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Abstract
The main purpose of the current research was to determine the relationship between academic optimism and academic engagement with the mediating role of goal orientation and academic identity of students in secondary girls' schools in Abbas Abad city. This research was applicable in terms of purpose, and correlative based on structural equation in terms of method. The statistical population of girls' secondary schools in Abbas Abad city in the academic year of 2021-2022 was 2023 people, among which. 201 people were selected as a statistical sample by cluster random sampling method. Data collection tools included Elliot and McGregor's (2001) goal orientation questionnaires, Eschenmenuran (2013) academic optimism, Zarang (2013) academic engagement, and Vaz and Isaacson's (2008) academic identity. The general structure of the research questionnaires has been subject to construct validity by the confirmatory factor analysis, and the validity of the questionnaires has been well evaluated and confirmed. Data analysis was done by structural equations or by Lizerel software. The results showed that academic optimism has a positive and significant relationship with goal orientation, academic identity and academic engagement of students. Goal orientation and academic identity have a relationship with students' academic engagement. Research findings indicate that goal orientation and academic identity have played a mediating role in the relationship between academic optimism and students' academic engagement.
Extended abstract
Introduction
The type of goal setting of students is effective in their academic status. A goal is something that a person strives to achieve, and it is not considered a goal until energy and effort are spent to achieve it (Tuominen et al, 2020). Teachers and counselors must observe the students' behavior and make inferences about their motivation to know what motivates them students. One type of inference that can be made about the students' perception is the goals they adopt for studying and then adjust and adapt the amount of efforts to achieve those goals (Balali, 2017). Academic optimism as a latent construct consists of three completely correlated concepts: knowledge self-efficacy, emphasis on student learning, and students' and parents' trust in school. Students can learn and have a positive academic performance. The characteristic of academic optimism can be investigated at the individual level (Kulophas et al, 2015).
One of the important motivating factors in academic success is academic engagement. Academic engagement provides a clear picture of students' academic progress and failure and is considered as the primary model for academic progress and failure. Considering the importance of academic engagement, researchers and educators are eager to gain a deeper understanding of the factors affecting academic engagement. Students' academic engagement is influenced by different intrapersonal and extrapersonal factors (Ramezani, 2016). Findlow (2012) considers academic identity to be the most important factor in academic performance and motivation to progress. Academic identity can be considered as a effective personal factor in predicting academic procrastination (Samimi et al, 2017). Academic identity is the process of each person's conscious response to their academic situation; whether they should study or not. In this research, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between academic optimism and academic engagement with the mediating role of goal orientation and academic identity of female students.
Theoretical Framework
Student engagement in academic affairs is an important and vital factor for progress and success. In fact, the desire to progress and improve students' learning increases interest in academic engagement. Academic engagement provides a clear picture of students' academic progress and failure and is considered as the primary model for academic progress and failure (Zhen et al, 2020).The identity variable is one of the personality dimensions that plays an important role in academic performance. According to Ericson (1958), school provides an opportunity to help a person in life choices and the formation of a stable identity and provides a framework for making decisions and solving problems and dealing with everyday problems (Murphy & Wibberley, 2017).Academic optimism is the teacher's positive belief that it is possible to make a difference in students' performance, by emphasizing education and learning, by trusting parents and students for their cooperation in the education process. and believing in one's capacity and ability to overcome problems and react to failure with flexibility and perseverance (Ahmadi Baneh Sardar, 2017).Goal orientation shows a different behavioral framework that affects cognition, emotion and behavior. This theory assumes that learners engage in educational activities to fulfill different goals. These goals may be improving and promoting competence, proving competence and avoiding proving incompetence (Balali, 2017).
Skaalvik,(2020) conducted a research titled "Teachers' perception of goal orientation with students' enthusiasm for school: the moderating role of academic performance" among secondary school students in Tajikistan public schools. The results of the research showed that teachers' perception of goal orientation and academic performance has a significant relationship with students' enthusiasm for school.
Mishoe )2020) conducted a research titled "Relationship between academic optimism and academic success" among primary female students in public schools in the Caribbean. The research results showed that academic optimism has a positive and significant relationship with students' academic success.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-correlative in nature, and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research was made up of 2023 students of the first and second secondary girls' schools of Abbas Abad city in the academic year of 2021-2022. Due to the large size of the statistical population, one school was randomly selected from each educational level and one class from each grade was selected from each school, with a total of 201 students. Therefore, the random cluster sampling method was used.In order to collect data related to the variable of academic identity from Vaz and Isaacson (2008) questionnaire, the variable of goal orientation from the questionnaire of Elliott and McGregor (2001), the variable of academic optimism from the questionnaire of Eschenmenoran (2013), and the variable of academic engagement from the questionnaire of Zarang (2012) was used.
Discussion and Results
SPSS and LISREL software were used to investigate the research hypothesis and data analysis, and based on the findings, it was determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic optimism and students' goal orientation. Based on the findings, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic optimism and students' academic identity. Based on the findings, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between goal orientation and students' academic engagement. Based on the findings, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic identity and students' academic involvement. Based on the findings, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic optimism and students' academic engagement. Based on the findings, it was found that goal orientation and academic identity play a mediating role in the relationship between academic optimism and academic engagement.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of the relationship between academic optimism and academic engagement with the mediating role of goal orientation and academic identity of students in girls' secondary schools in Abbas Abad city. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of Behzadi Yamin (2018), Gargari & Gholaami (2016), Robayo-Tamayo etal (2020), and Skaalvik (2020). In the explanation of this finding, it can be said that when students are busy solving their class problems with their classmates, they are confident about their learning and that of their other friends, so that if a question is presented without learning, they can make it comprehensible for both themselves and other students as soon as possible. (Tran et al, 2017). In such a situation, when the students know themselves in their academic tasks with sufficient and autonomy, they understand themselves better and engage themselves with the goals and assignments and as a result, they succeed in education. In addition, in this case, they will have the necessary satisfaction about their learning. In fact, when students consider themselves efficient and put their homework under their control, their internal motivation for academic homework increases (Rahimi & Farhadi, 2017).It is suggested to teachers to, for the success of students, consider the rewards that students like. Not to wait until the academic drop happens and then praise the success, also try to prioritize the students' experiences to be interesting for them, increase their initial sense of success and self-confidence. On the other hand, they should periodically test their students and analyze their academic progress and finally take effective measures to solve their problems and their motivational and academic learning obstacles.
Original Article (Mixed)
management
Ghaem Gheiravani; Mohammad Montazari; Shams Sadat Zahedi
Abstract
AbstractThe current research aims to provide a smart governance model with a focus on the development and training of human resources in the public sector. The research method is applicable according to the purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) according to the type of data. The statistical population ...
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AbstractThe current research aims to provide a smart governance model with a focus on the development and training of human resources in the public sector. The research method is applicable according to the purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) according to the type of data. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research consisted of 15 academic experts and experts in the field of information and communication technology in the Ministry of Interior and managers of the South Khorasan Governorate who were familiar with the subject, which was selected in a non-probabilistic and judgmental way, and the required information was collected from them with the method of content analyzing. The statistical community in the quantitative part of the research includes managers and experts working in the management and planning department of administrative automation planning in the number of 246 people, of which 150 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. Further, in line with the validation of the research model, a research questionnaire was designed and distributed in a stratified random method among 150 managers and experts working in the management and planning department of administrative automation. Smart PLS 2 software was used in order to analyze the data. The results showed that all the components of smart governance in the public sector were identified and their significance was confirmed in the research; and by examining themes, concepts and quantitative and qualitative research; the smart governance model was explained with a focus on the development and training of human resources in the public sector.Extended abstractIntroductionThe speed of developments and changes in communication and information technology has envisioned an unpredictable world even for the near future and has even changed the concept of governance in such a way that "smart governance" is the only way forward for governments and rules (Fuller & Crawford, 2022). The meaning of smart governance is to provide a platform for the integrated management of city affairs. This platform should provide services and interactions between the parts of the city in order to achieve an effective and efficient city (Moreno & Paez, 2022). The most important effective tool in this field is the use of FAVA (including communication infrastructure, hardware and software), the use of intelligent processes and information-based decision-making (Holzer et al, 2022). The interaction and participation of all private, government and city governance factors is one of the requirements to achieve smart governance. The development of the dimension of smart governance, due to its fundamental nature in the building of a smart city, becomes the basis for the development of other dimensions of smartness as well (Azkuna, 2022). Smart government is a platform for proper urban management. All the services provided in a smart city should be offered to the people through the channel of smart governance. In the intelligent governance of democracy, the foundation of a government is ideal and perfect. But the existence of corruption, unfair policies and mismanagement of the government causes people to lose their trust in governments (Alvahdei, 2016). The development and application of information technology in various fields is the result of the capabilities of information technology, which is facing great success today (Karegar.rt.al.2015). One of the most important opportunities that new technologies provide to government men and managers is increasing accessibility, strengthening efficiency and re-engineering the government's architecture and making it more responsive. The use of the re-engineering of government architecture and other mentioned facilities in the governance process has led to the emergence of a reality called the intelligent government, which is the prerequisite of government over information societies. Smart government is the use of information and communication technology to improve public sector management and has gained increasing popularity. Smart government is a powerful tool that provides better public services, reduces waiting time and improves cost-effectiveness, increases productivity and improves transparency and accountability, and improves the government's ability to perform key activities (Moghimi, 2017).Therefore, the main question of the research is, what is the smart governance model with the approach of focusing on the development and training of human resources in the public sector?Theoretical FrameworkLiteratureSmart ruleThe meaning of smart governance is to provide a platform for the integrated management of urban affairs. This platform should provide services and interactions between the parts of the city in order to achieve an effective and efficient city. The most important effective tool in this field is the use of FAVA (including communication infrastructure, hardware and software), the use of intelligent processes and information-based decision making. The interaction and participation of all private, government and city governance factors is one of the requirements for achieving smart governance. The development of smart governance, due to its fundamental nature in building a smart city, also lays the foundation for the development of other dimensions of smartness. Smart governance includes political and active participation, citizen services and smart use of e-government. In addition, smart governance refers to the use of new communication channels, such as electronic government or "electronic democracy" (Ghorbanzadeh, 2015).The main elements of smart governanceSmart governance: means public investment in ICT to promote transparency and accountability among public institutions at the local and national levels and improve their performance. This element is usually related to public management reform programs and government modernization (Ghorbanzadeh, 2015).Providing intelligent services: Public investment in ICT is to improve the efficiency and transparency of public institutions in providing public services in all sectors. This element is related to the reform programs of public management, local governance and access to justice (Ghorbanzadeh, 2015).Smart participation: Public investment in ICT is aimed at promoting interaction between public institutions and citizens in order to improve policy making and provide public services and activities. This element includes three levels of providing information to citizens, consultation with citizens, and dialogue between the government and citizens. This element is usually related to public accountability programs, strengthening of civil society and strengthening of parliamentary system and parliament (Ghorbanzadeh, 2015).There have been numerous articles on the explanation of smart governance models, but the explanation of a comprehensive and complete model with the approach of human resource development and training has been done less.Hosseini et al. (2022) in an article investigated the antecedents and consequences of smart good governance with a fuzzy Delphi approach. The research method is among mixed researches in the deductive-inductive approach. The statistical population of the research consists of all governance activists, 26 of whom were selected based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and using the purposeful sampling method. In the qualitative part, the data obtained from the interview were analyzed using the Atlas.ti software and the identification method was analyzed. The results of the research indicate that among the antecedents, respectively, technology and smart data, electronic and intelligent interaction, governance Law, competent and committed brokers, cyber and smart security had the highest priority (Hoseini.et.al, 2022).Paighan et al. (2022) in an article identified and prioritized factors affecting good governance with a sustainable development approach in the government organizations of Sistan and Baluchistan province. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with an exploratory approach according to the type of data; in this way, 54 articles in the field of good governance were analyzed and research indicators were identified using meta-composite method. The identified factors and components were weighed with the opinion of experts and after receiving their corrective opinions, they were analyzed based on relevant statistical methods, and finally the fit of the model, components, and the combination of factors was reached by their consensus. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research included 11 academic and professional experts familiar with the subject, who were selected in a non-probabilistic and judgmental manner, and the required information was collected from them using the Delphi method. Further, in line with the validation of the research model, a research questionnaire was designed and distributed among 216 sample members, including managers and experts of the governorate, governorate and academic staff members of the university in Sistan and Baluchistan province, which was randomly distributed by stratified method. In order to analyze the data, Smart PLS software was used. Finally, the findings of the research showed that the indicators of commenting and accountability, quality of laws, corruption control, rule of law, transparency, vision and planning, effectiveness and efficiency, ethics, responsibility, trust, justice, poverty alleviation, Economic growth, participation, institutional development, meritocracy, trust-oriented, political stability, and anger are respectively the most important components of good governance with a sustainable development approach (Peghan.et.al.2022).MethodologyThe research method is applicable according to the purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) according to the type of data. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research consisted of 15 academic experts and specialists in the field of information and communication technology in the Ministry of Interior and managers of the South Khorasan Governorate who were familiar with the subject, which was selected in a non-probabilistic and judgmental way, and the required information was collected from them with the method of content analyzing. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the research includes managers and experts working in the management and planning department of administrative automation planning in the number of 246 people, 150 of whom were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. used.Discussion and results:SPSS 26 statistical software is used for descriptive data analysis, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the normality of the data, and the structural equation test using SMART PLS 2 software to answer the research questions. Factor loadings are calculated by calculating the correlation value of the indicators of a structure with that structure. If this value is equal to or greater than 0.4, it confirms that the variance between the structure and its indicators is greater than the variance of the size measurement error of that structure, and the reliability of that measurement model is acceptable. The results of the factor analysis show the desired components, since the factor loading of all items is greater than 0.4, and the value of the t statistic is greater than 1.96, so the model has good validity.Conclusion:This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the components of smart governance with a focus on the development and training of human resources in the public sector. For this purpose, data was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, including university faculty members and experts in the field of information and communication technology in the Ministry of Interior and managers of South Khorasan Governorate who were selected by theoretical sampling. In the quantitative phase of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the extracted components was prepared and provided to 150 managers and experts working in the management and planning department of administrative automation. Then, using the coding method of qualitative content analysis based on interviews with elites and using thematic analysis method, the components of smart governance with a focus on the development and training of human resources in the public sector were identified and extracted, and the effectiveness weights were obtained using the structural model. SPSS 26 and PLS 2 software were used for statistical analysis of the research. To check the fit of the measurement models, convergent validity was used, and the results showed that the AVE values for all variables are greater than 0.5, so the convergent validity of the constructs is acceptable. Also, the results of the factor analysis of the desired components were confirmed, considering that the factor loading of all items is greater than 0.4, and the value of the t statistic is greater than 1.96, so the final model of the research was determined to have good validity. The results of this research are in agreement with Hoseini.et.al, (2022), Peghan.et.al., (2022), Rostaei.et.al, 2(018), Faraji (2022), Meijer et al., (2018), and Washburn et al., (2018).
Original Article (Qualitative)
Education Management
Maryam Sori; Mohammad mojtabazadeh; Rasol Daudi
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to design a qualitative model of educational support for secondary school students. The research method is qualitative, and applicable in terms of its purpose. The statistical population includes experts and specialists in the field of learning-teaching, teaching ...
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Abstract
The purpose of this research is to design a qualitative model of educational support for secondary school students. The research method is qualitative, and applicable in terms of its purpose. The statistical population includes experts and specialists in the field of learning-teaching, teaching and support methods, and written documents related to the subject; and 13 experts and 18 documents (text) was determined to be suitable for the research objectives using the snowball sampling method for experts and targeted sampling for documents. For data analysis, the ground theory method with open, central and selective coding was used. The results indicated that the qualitative model of educational support for secondary school students includes 10 dimensions (development of human and non-human resources, improvement and development of the educational system, teaching-learning methods, culture and communication, supportive rules and behaviors, performance monitoring, strategies based on cognition and metacognition, strategies based on motivation, mental progress, and scientific progress), 21 components (development of human resources, empowerment of students, development of hardware and software facilities, collaborative and interactive teaching, simplification homework, virtual learning, teaching based on scientific theories, culture building between parents and teachers, effective communication, supportive behaviors, internal and external strategies and instructions, metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, cognitive and metacognitive strategies, motivational strategies, psychological well-being, the actualization of potential talents, improvement of the learning process and academic progress) and 134 indicators that were included in the paradigm model of research in the form of causal, contextual, interventional, strategies and consequences.
Extended abstract
Introduction
Creating a support is a challenging educational task. Once the support is designed, the teacher begins to build knowledge by asking detailed questions and necessary skills and explanations with appropriate examples and thoughtful planning of students' activities. Skills including higher level questions are questions that elicit feedback skills that the teacher uses to build support. Educational support can direct learners' attention to basic concepts, clarify ambiguous concepts and words for the learner, and facilitate the acquisition of expressive knowledge of a field through technical support, cognitive and metacognitive support. )Arefi et al. 2020(.
Support building is effective in achieving goals such as involving the learner in learning activities at high levels, such as thinking about goals, planning, choosing appropriate guides, obtaining multiple perspectives on the subject, and applying previous knowledge in new situations. Therefore, in the classroom, the teacher can support the processes and activities necessary to go through the conversation processes; in this way, in the classroom, by providing challenging assignments to the students before, during, and after the education, as well as creating groupings in the class and Organizing students' activities in the direction of self-learning and self-evaluation will help to achieve optimal learning (Zabihi Hesari et al, 2022).
According to the mentioned materials, the main problem of the research is: how to design a qualitative model of educational support for secondary school students?
Theoretical Framework
Education is the most effective tool available to society to challenge the future. Progress increasingly depends on the capacities of research, innovation and adaptability of new generations. Without education, it is impossible for young people to participate in cultural and social economic life. It is obvious that education will not solve all the problems that humanity is facing today, but in order to connect members of society, it is necessary to create new relationships and respond to environmental needs. School education or formal education is not everything. Education also emphasizes the role of family and community and includes informal and semi-formal aspects as well (Grecu and Denes, 2017).
Scaffolding (supporting) can be defined as the process of guiding the learner to transition from what he knows now to what he is going to learn. In support, at first the teacher or another person who helps the learner takes a major share of the responsibility, but gradually as the learning progresses, the responsibility is handed over to the learner (Seyf, 2014).
Akati et al, (2022) investigated the enhancement of writing ability through supporting techniques: a mixed study. The results showed that motivation-based support is the most effective technique in increasing the writing ability of English language learners. The results of the interview also showed that the support techniques consistently improve the students' writing skills.
Heo (2022) investigated teacher support and language learning in an immersion classroom for students with a supported background in an elementary classroom. Findings indicated that the teacher provided the supported students with a variety of verbal, procedural, and instructional scaffolds to enhance their language comprehension and production, such as performing vowel shapes through body movements, while remaining aligned with their social-emotional learning. The final results showed that teachers who serve young students in language classes should provide scaffolding in different ways and pay attention to students' social-emotional behavior and learning with non-judgmental attitudes and constructive approaches.
Methodology
The present study was conducted qualitatively in terms of data collection and was practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research includes organizational and academic experts, high and middle managers of the education system, faculty members in the field of educational sciences - educational management in higher education centers and experts in the field of learning - teaching and teaching methods. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 experts, and 18 documents (texts) were examined with the purposeful method for documents\ using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached.
Discussion and Results
In order to analyze the data, the ground theory method with open, central and selective coding was used and the results showed that the qualitative model of educational support for high school students includes 10 dimensions (development of human and non-human resources, improvement and development of educational system, teaching-learning methods, culture building and communication, supportive rules and behaviors, performance monitoring, strategies based on cognition and metacognition, strategies based on motivation, mental progress, and scientific progress), 21 components (development of human resources, Empowering students, developing hardware and software facilities, collaborative and interactive teaching, simplifying assignments, virtual learning, teaching based on scientific theories, culture building between parents and teachers, effective communication, supportive behaviors, strategies and instructions within and extra-organizational, metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, cognitive and metacognitive strategies, motivational strategies, psychological well-being, actualization of potential talents, improvement of learning process, and academic progress) and 134 indicators which were placed in the research paradigm model in the form of causal, contextual, and interventional conditions., strategies and consequences.
Conclusion
The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a qualitative model of educational support for secondary school students. The results of this research have been consistent with the results of Ekati et al, (2022), Mohammadlou & Mohammadlou (2022), Heo (2022), Yang (2022), Sun et al, (2021), Maksic S, Josic (2021), and Khatib & Kardost (2021). Ekati et al, (2022) showed that increasing writing ability through support techniques, metacognitive, motivational and technology-based support techniques continuously improves the writing skills of language learners. In the current research, the components of "empowerment of students" and "development of hardware and software facilities" explain the components of "causal conditions"; and the components of "metacognitive strategies" and "motivational strategies" explains the component of "strategies" in the paradigm model of the present research.
According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the teacher should be open to criticism for the faults of the learner and should show self-respect. Teachers' understanding of learning and growth mechanisms should be at a high level. Assigning students to prepare different artifacts and use them is to improve their abilities. Clarifying the learner's thinking and solving the learner's mental ambiguities will put him on the right path. School management should take steps to promote and develop the attractiveness of new technologies available. Teachers should use strategies with theoretical and practical support continuously and systematically.
