Management and Educational Perspective

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the role of pre-event education and protection of vulnerable groups based on neighborhood-centered security governance. Given its objective, the research is applied, and in terms of implementation, it is qualitative with a data-driven (grounded theory) approach. The study population consisted of 18 participants, including experts in social security and criminology (university professors and urban security researchers), local actors (members of neighborhood social councils, local trusted figures, and civic activists), and officials from executive and law-enforcement institutions related to urban security, who were selected through purposive snowball sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts in social security, local officials, and citizens residing in high-risk areas; interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings indicate that neighborhood-centered security governance—through three main components, namely “multilevel participation,” “neighborhood-level data-driven management,” and “local institution-building”—can provide the conditions for active, rapid, and effective protection of vulnerable groups. By leveraging neighborhood-based structures, it is possible to support vulnerable groups before crises occur and to enhance neighborhood resilience through pre-event policymaking.
Introduction
Traditional security systems have primarily focused on responding to crises after their occurrence; however, complex changes in social structures and the growing expansion of economic inequalities have caused contemporary security approaches to shift their focus toward prevention. In this context, vulnerable groups, including older adults, children, female-headed households, migrants, and residents of deteriorated urban areas, are more exposed than others to multilayered threats. Pre-event protection refers to the preservation and safeguarding of the rights and interests of individuals or institutions before the occurrence of incidents or problems. This concept is of particular importance in security and law-enforcement organizations such as the Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran, since personnel in such institutions are exposed to various harms and risks due to the sensitive and dangerous nature of their duties (Mohammadpour & Adibi, 2023). The effective implementation of protective measures can contribute to increasing public trust in legal institutions, which in turn strengthens social order. By adopting preventive measures, the occurrence of crimes and social harms can be prevented, ultimately leading to a reduction in social and economic costs (Nazemi et al., 2022). Vulnerable groups refer to segments of society that, due to economic, physical, psychological, social, or cultural conditions, are subject to greater threats and receive less support. These include older adults, working children, individuals with physical or mental disabilities, unsupported women, migrants, and residents of informal settlements (Torabi et al., 2022). Neighborhood-centered security, as a socio-military strategy, plays a key role in ensuring security and confronting internal threats. In this regard, neighborhood-centered security constitutes a model through which community-based security frameworks can serve as an effective approach to crisis management and security theory (Elhami & Riahi-Asl, 2024). Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the following question: What is the role of pre-event education and protection of vulnerable groups based on neighborhood-centered security governance?
Theoretical Framework
Pre-Event Protection
Pre-event protection refers to a set of measures designed and implemented with the aim of preventing the emergence of crises, threats, and harms. In this approach, rather than focusing solely on reactive measures, efforts are directed toward the early identification of warning signs and threat bottlenecks in order to facilitate effective intervention before incidents occur. This perspective is closely associated with concepts such as “social prevention,” “situational prevention,” and “collective resilience” (Shahrokhi, 2024).
Vulnerable Groups
The term vulnerable groups refers to segments of society that possess lower levels of resilience and capacity in dealing with economic, cultural, and social problems and consequently experience lower levels of security compared with other members of society (Torabi et al., 2022).
Neighborhood-Centered Security Governance
Neighborhood-centered security governance refers to a community-based approach to urban security management in which safety is achieved at the local level through the active participation of residents and neighborhood institutions. The primary objective of this approach is to enhance citizens’ sense of security and reduce crime by fostering collaboration and synergy among law enforcement agencies, local communities, and other relevant stakeholders. As a socio-security strategy, neighborhood-centered security plays a pivotal role in maintaining public safety and addressing internal security threats. It also provides an effective framework for crisis management and the development of participatory security models (Elhami & Riahi-Asl, 2024).
Elhami and Riahi-Asl (2024) examined neighborhood-centered security during the Sacred Defense period as a model for participatory security governance in the future. Their findings demonstrated that public participation in neighborhood security can strengthen national defensive capacity and enhance preparedness against emerging threats. The study concluded that neighborhood-centered security models, emphasizing community engagement and public mobilization, serve as key drivers of resilience and resistance to security threats and can therefore provide an effective framework for managing future crises.
Shahrokhi (2024) investigated the necessity of pre-event protection of personnel, organizational missions, and institutions, with particular emphasis on the concept, significance, rationale, and implementation of preventive protection within the Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study concluded that safeguarding personnel and organizational integrity represents one of the most critical internal missions of the organization. Owing to the diversity of their responsibilities, extensive public interaction, and the highly sensitive nature of their duties, law enforcement personnel are exposed to numerous occupational and social risks. Consequently, protecting and guiding personnel constitutes an essential factor in achieving organizational objectives. Furthermore, the study emphasized that the importance of protection extends beyond organizational considerations, drawing on religious teachings that encourage individuals to safeguard themselves against potential harms. Adherence to these principles not only promotes personal well-being but also contributes to stronger social institutions and more resilient organizations.
Research Methodology
The present study is applied in terms of its objective and qualitative in terms of its method of implementation, adopting a data-driven grounded theory approach. The research population consisted of 18 participants, including experts in social security and criminology such as university professors and urban security researchers, local actors such as members of neighborhood social councils, trusted community figures, and civic activists, as well as officials from executive and law-enforcement institutions related to urban security. Participants were selected through purposive snowball sampling.
Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with experts in social security, local officials, and citizens residing in high-risk areas. The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.
Research Findings
Grounded theory was utilized for data analysis. The findings indicate that neighborhood-centered security governance, through three main components—“multi-level participation,” “neighborhood-level data-driven management,” and “local institution-building”—is capable of providing the conditions for active, rapid, and effective protection of vulnerable groups. By leveraging neighborhood-based structures, it is possible to support vulnerable groups before crises occur and to enhance neighborhood resilience through pre-event policymaking.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the role of education and pre-event protection of vulnerable groups based on neighborhood-centered security governance. The findings of this research are consistent with those reported by Elhami and Riahi-Asl (2024), Shahrokhi (2024), Mohammadpour and Adibi (2023), Smith (2022), Nazemi et al. (2022), Bayari et al. (2020), Bako et al. (2020), and Ghasempour et al. (2019). Ghasempour et al. (2019) showed that employee training, monitoring and control, public education, and cooperation with governmental and local institutions have a positive and significant effect on the implementation of neighborhood-centered security plans among citizens in the Fifth Police District of the Greater Tehran Law Enforcement Command.
Based on the findings of the present study, the following recommendations are proposed:

Developing a policy document for neighborhood-centered security governance: With the participation of institutions such as the Ministry of Interior, law enforcement agencies, municipalities, and the State Welfare Organization, a comprehensive policy document for social security governance should be formulated with a focus on vulnerable neighborhoods.
Establishing neighborhood vulnerability monitoring centers (CRM): Data-driven centers should be launched at the neighborhood level with the aim of identifying and continuously monitoring the status of vulnerable groups and critical areas.
Empowering neighborhood civil structures: Local civil and community-based structures should be strengthened to improve participation, coordination, and support for vulnerable populations before crises occur. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals, institutions, and organizations that provided scientific, technical, administrative, or advisory support throughout this research and the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial, personal, professional, or institutional conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AI Use Statement The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other financial support were received during the conduct of this research or the preparation of this manuscript. Ethics Approval All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional and national research committee.

Abstract The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of government support through digital capabilities on increasing the resilience and de-learning capacity of the Education Organization of Yazd city. The present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlational in terms of method, and of a survey research type. The statistical population of the research includes 90 personnel of all employees of the Education and Training Organization of Yazd city. Sampling in this research is simple random. The collection tool in the present study is the questionnaire of Gao et al. (2022). To examine the reliability of the research tool, the Cronbach's alpha method was used, and the results show that its value in the present study is higher than 0.7. Also, the validity of the test was confirmed by the content and construct methods. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and PLS software. The findings indicate that direct and indirect government support has a significant impact on digital capabilities in the Education Organization of Yazd. Direct and indirect government support also has an impact on organizational resilience capacity in the Education Organization of Yazd, considering the mediating role of digital capabilities.
Introduction
Around the world, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease in 2019 has led to some fundamental changes in social and organizational interactions. Around the world, various systems have been in chaos with significant vulnerability, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity in social (e.g., quarantine, social distancing) and economic (e.g., deteriorating market order, limited demand, disorganized supply chains) contexts (Gao et al, 2022). Hence, education has not been immune to these conditions. The coronavirus pandemic shut down many schools in 188 countries, and according to UNESCO, more than one and a half billion students (more than 91% of the world's students) have been affected by the coronavirus pandemic, and their education systems have also undergone serious changes; changes that were made publicly or by schools and educational institutions (Bagheri et al, 2020). In this context, organizational resilience, as the ability to absorb pressure and maintain or improve its performance despite adversity (Xie et al, 2022), is crucial for organizations to “cope effectively with unexpected events”. Organizational resilience capacity indicates the degree of preparedness of companies in the face of a crisis (Hillmann & Guenther, 2021). Therefore, organizational resilience is a key element in adapting to and coping with an uncertain and challenging crisis such as a pandemic (Khan et al, 2021).
In these circumstances, and due to the aforementioned adversities that threaten the income and survival of organizations, affected companies generally lack the financial and managerial resources necessary to strengthen their resilience capacity (Ardolino, 2022), or have nothing to offer. Therefore, government support, such as financial (e.g., tax cuts and subsidies) and non-financial (e.g., law enforcement and favorable policies) support for organizations, is essential (Gao et al, 2022). This is because governments can play a fundamental role in providing first-hand services to communities in reducing the impacts and vulnerability to crises (Dodange, 2020).
In addition to government support, digital technologies; namely the Internet of Things, megadata analytics, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, are effective tools to cope with changes and adversities (such as quarantine and social distancing, offline-online shift in demand, supply, and internal operations) during the COVID-19 pandemic (Gao et al, 2022; Hanelt et al, 2021). Since the establishment and promotion of digital capabilities of enterprises relies on the construction of digital infrastructure, the adoption of digital technologies, and the cultivation of digital mindsets and talents; it depends on the continuous investment and financial resources of organizations, and the resulting burden becomes more severe during the pandemic. Therefore, it is difficult for most enterprises to independently establish and develop digital capabilities, and therefore applying for government support can be considered as a feasible solution for enterprises (Gao et al, 2022).
Considering the above issues, the purpose of this study is to answer the question of whether government support has an impact on organizational resilience capacity during COVID-19 with regard to the variables of digital capability and organizational de-learning in the Education Organization of Yazd City.
Theoretical Framework
Digital Capability
Digital capability is the ability of organizations to use digital-related technologies, infrastructure, and resources to achieve entrepreneurial goals (Khin & Ho, 2019).
De-learning
Organizational de-learning is a prerequisite for effective organizational learning activities to occur (Cetindamar, 2021). The concept of organizational delearning refers to the fact that moving towards change and adapting to the environment requires letting go of old unhelpful beliefs and rules (Rajabi poormeibodi et al, 2018).
Government Support
Government support refers to the resources, policies, and other favorable behaviors that central and local governments provide to eligible organizations (Huikkola, 2022). It aims to foster enterprise development, drive industrial upgrading, and stimulate economic growth, as well as absorb shocks and disruptions when unexpected events occur in the areas of education, public health, economic systems, and national security (Caleb et al, 2021).
Resilience Capacity
Organizational resilience seeks to identify the characteristics that allow organizations to survive and even thrive despite experiencing disruption or stress, because organizations in every sector face complex operating environments with dynamic risks. These complex environments force organizations to think about how they can manage operational risk and the resilience of critical business processes and services (Aghina et al, 2016).
Dubey et al, (2023) in their article titled Dynamic Digital Capabilities and Supply Chain Resilience: The Effective Role of Government, examined the impact of government support on the impact of dynamic capabilities on supply chain resilience; and based on qualitative and survey-based data analysis, their findings show that digital adaptability is an important driver of digital agility. In addition, the results show that government effectiveness is very important for increasing supply chain resilience by increasing digital adaptability and agility. This research makes useful contributions to the dynamic capability perspective by increasing theoretical understanding of the role of the government in creating digital capabilities in uncertain times to improve supply chain resilience.
Khodaparast et al, (2022) examined the presentation of an appropriate model for the psychological resilience of stock exchange brokerage employees in Tehran. The research findings showed that confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the final research model. According to the results obtained, the factor loading of all three components of "using creativity and innovation in the workplace", "cognitive tendencies of socialization in the workplace", and "creating capacity for greater resilience" were higher than the recommended values, and the model fit indices showed acceptable values.
Research Methodology
The present study is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlational in terms of method, and of a survey research type. The statistical population of the research includes 90 personnel of all employees of the Education and Training Organization of Yazd city. Sampling in this research is simple random. The collection tool in the present study is the questionnaire of Gao et al. (2022). To examine the reliability of the research tool, the Cronbach's alpha method was used, and the results show that its value in the present study is higher than 0.7. Also, the validity of the test was confirmed by the content and construct methods.
Research Findings
Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and PLS software. The findings indicate that direct and indirect government support has a significant impact on digital capabilities in the Education Organization of Yazd. Direct and indirect government support also has an impact on organizational resilience capacity in the Education Organization of Yazd, considering the mediating role of digital capabilities.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of government support through digital capabilities on increasing the resilience capacity and de-learning of the Education Organization of Yazd. The results of this study are consistent with the results of Heredia et al, (2022), Gao et al, (2022), Zhang & Zhong (2019), Dubey et al, (2023), Khodaparast et al, (2022), Goa et al, (2022), Karimi et al, (2022), Tahmasbi et al, (2021), Najafi et al, (2021), and Bagheri et al, (2020). Dubey et al, (2023) showed in their paper that digital adaptability is an important driver of digital agility. Furthermore, the results show that government effectiveness is crucial for increasing supply chain resilience by increasing digital adaptability and agility. This study makes useful contributions to the dynamic capability perspective by increasing the theoretical understanding of the role of government in building digital capabilities in uncertain times to improve supply chain resilience.
According to the results of the research, the following suggestion was made:
It is suggested that with direct government support such as financial assistance, the shortcomings of the education and training organization should be addressed and digital capabilities in the education and training organization of Yazd city should be increased. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge all individuals, institutions, and organizations that provided scientific, technical, administrative, or advisory support throughout this research and the preparation of this manuscript. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial, personal, professional, or institutional conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AI Use Statement The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation, writing, or editing of this manuscript. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other financial support were received during the conduct of this research or the preparation of this manuscript. Ethics Approval All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible institutional and national research committee.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural equation model between behavioral brain systems and perfectionism with academic resilience with the mediating role of emotional dyslexia. The research method was correlative study of structural equation model type. The statistical population of this research included all male and female students of secondary schools in Urmia city in 2023, and a sample of 200 people was selected through a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The standard academic resilience questionnaire of Martin and Marsh (2003), the behavioral inhibition and activation systems scale (BIS/BAS), Rasouli and Bahrami academic perfectionism questionnaire (2015), and the Toronto Ataxia Questionnaire (TAS-20) were used to collect data. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional dyslexia (mediating variable) and behavioral brain systems, perfectionism, resilience and also significant correlations between resilience and behavioral brain systems and perfectionism. Also, all the model fit indices confirmed the fit of the model, so that the standard coefficients of the paths showed the direct paths of behavioral brain systems to resilience (β=0.49); perfectionism to resilience (β=0.35); behavioral brain systems to emotional dyslexia (β=0.38); and perfectionism to emotional ataxia (β=0.40) are significant. Also, the results of the AMOS software bootstrap test showed that the indirect effects of behavioral brain systems and perfectionism on resilience through emotional dyslexia are significant. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the relationship between behavioral brain systems and perfectionism with resilience is not a simple linear relationship, but other variables such as emotional dyslexia play a moderating role in this relationship.
Introduction
Resilience as a process is the ability to successfully adapt to threatening conditions, and in other words, positive adaptation in response to adverse conditions (Atadokht et al., 2013; Khabaz et al., 2011). Academic resilience is the ability of students to overcome obstacles, problems and pressures in school over time and try to achieve academic and social success despite these problems (Khalaf, 2014). Academic resilience means that students achieve good educational results despite adverse conditions and challenges through changing existing behaviors or creating new behaviors, such as discipline, practice or planning. In other words, resilient students maintain a high level of motivation and progress despite stressful events and conditions, even if they are at risk of failing in school and eventually dropping out (Samuels & Woo, 2009).
Individual, social, family and physiological factors play a role in the emergence of resilient behavior. One of the personality and biological factors effective in the occurrence of resilient behaviors is brain-behavioral systems. Studies show that there is a relationship between behavioral brain systems and resilience (Masuyama et al, 2022). Brain-behavioral systems include the system of behavioral tendency and behavioral inhibition. The behavioral inhibition system (stopping current behaviors) is sensitive to signs of punishment, lack of reward, novelty and uncertainty, as well as negative sentimental and emotional states, including anxiety and depression (Merchán-Clavellino et al, 2019). On the other hand, the behavioral activation system is sensitive to signs of reward, lack of punishment, and escape from punishment, and is related to positive sentiments and emotions, including hope, happiness, and euphoria (Kim & Kwon, 2017).
Among the variables related to resilience is perfectionism. The results of numerous studies indicate that perfectionism is one of the personality structures that can play an important role in people's resilience, and therefore, with the increase of positive perfectionism, the level of people's resilience increases (Çerkez, 2017; Kruger et al., 2023). Academic perfectionism refers to the relentless striving for perfection and high achievement in academic pursuits, often accompanied by unrealistic self-imposed expectations and overly self-critical evaluations. Students who exhibit perfectionistic tendencies often strive for perfection, are overly critical of themselves in response to perceived failures, and derive their self-worth primarily from academic success (Liu et al, 2022).
Recent findings of cognitive neuroscience show that the underlying neural mechanisms of emotion may be similar to the underlying mechanisms of cognitive processes (Bagby et al, 1994), so that in various researches, including Burger et al., (2006), they showed that emotion regulation strategies are a key and determining factor in mental well-being, which also plays an essential role in adapting to life's stressful events. Emotional dyslexia, also known as alexithymia, is a construct proposed by Sipheneus (Cisler et al, 2010). Alexithymia is a unique emotion processing disorder that is primarily associated with a reduced capacity to identify and understand emotions (Kinnaird et al, 2019).
Therefore, the present study was trying to answer the question: can alexithymia play a mediating role between brain-behavioral systems and perfectionism with academic resilience?
Theoretical framework
alexithymia
Current conceptualizations introduce alexithymia as a characteristic defect in the cognitive processes of emotional experiences, which is related to the understanding and perception of the mental state (Kinnaird et al, 2019). Emotional dyslexia mean lack of words for emotions. In other words, alexithymia is considered a type of cognitive-emotional dysfunction in which a person is unable to convey his emotional experiences in the form of feelings and imaginations (Schimmenti et al, 2017).
Behavioral brain systems
The behavioral inhibitory system is assumed to direct behavior in response to new threats and stimuli, and in the presence of such signs and clues, it inhibits goal-based behavior; while the behavioral activation system is sensitive to encouragement signals and leads to an increase in goal-based behavior in the presence of such signs and adjusts the behavior in response to incentives (Dumitrescu et al, 2010; Sutterlin et al, 2011; Broerman et al, 2014). The behavioral activation system includes 3 driving subscales (a person's tendency to actively pursue desired goals), response to reward (focusing on positive responses to the occurrence of a reward or predicting it), seeking pleasure and entertainment (a person's tendency to seek new rewards and the desire to reach and achieve immediate rewarding events) (Babapur, 2010).
Perfectionism
In the morbid form of perfectionism, it is the belief that the work or performance of anything that is not perfect is unacceptable. Perfectionism is related to perfectionistic efforts such as having high personal standards, setting strict standards for performance, and striving for excellence (Cakici, 2013).
Academic Resilience
Academic resilience refers to high levels of motivation to progress and perform, despite stressful events and conditions that students face at school. In other words, academic resilience has been defined as the ability to succeed in school, despite the conditions of poverty, which includes competencies such as trust, well-being, motivation, orientation, strong communication and stress management (Sultannejad et al, 2013).
Methodology
The research method of this study was correlative, structural equation model type. The statistical population of this research included all second year high school students of Urmia city in 2024. The statistical sample including 200 students was selected through random cluster sampling. To analyze the obtained data, structural equations causal modeling method was used, along with AMOS software. To examine the relationships between the research variables, academic resilience questionnaires of Martin & Marsh (2003), behavioral inhibition and activation systems scale (BIS/BAS), academic perfectionism questionnaire and Toronto dyslexia questionnaire were used.
Research findings
The results related to the direct effects between the research variables showed that the path coefficients related to the direct effects of the research variables are statistically significant. Also, in order to test the significance of the role of emotional dyslexia in the relationship between behavioral brain systems and academic perfectionism with academic resilience, AMOS software bootstrap test was used, and the results showed that the lower limit and the upper limit of both indirect effects of behavioral brain systems and academic perfectionism on academic resilience through emotional dyslexia do not include zero; and this indicates the significance of these indirect paths, and the indirect effects of the model were confirmed.
Conclusion
The aim of the present study was to provide a model of academic resilience based on brain-behavioral systems and academic perfectionism with the mediating role of alexithymia. The results of the analysis of Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that there are significant relationships between alexithymia (mediating variable) and behavioral brain systems, perfectionism, resilience, and also between resilience and behavioral brain systems and perfectionism. Also, the standardized coefficients of the paths showed the direct paths of brain systems, behavior to resilience; perfectionism to resilience; behavioral brain systems to alexithymia; and perfectionism to alexithymia. In line with the direct effects and variables between relations, the results of this study are in line with the research findings of Masuyama et al, (2022); Demers et al, (2022); Akbarizadeh et al, (2021); and Porakbaran et al, (2018).
In connection with the indirect effect, the results of this research indicate the mediating role of emotional dyslexia in the relationship between behavioral brain systems and resilience. The results of several researches such as Çıkrıkçı (2023); Bilge, Y., & Tankut (2022); Marsero et al, (2018); Pourmohsani et al, (2023); and Shah Alizadegan (2018) has been confirmed the effect of brain-behavioral systems as an input variable Resilience.
Based on the results of the research, according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested to the planners of the field of education and the education system to pay essential attention to the basic role of alexithymia and the problems related to emotional disorders of students in order to prevent the academic decline of students, and by treating the emotional problems of the students; provide the ground for solving the problems of perfectionism and behavioral brain systems and improve the academic level of the students.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a model of factors affecting the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in Alborz Technical and Vocational University. According to its purpose, the research method is applicable, and in terms of implementation, it is qualitative, of thematic analysis type. The statistical population of the research includes 12 participants who are experts and professors of entrepreneurship. Sampling was done in a purposeful and snowball way. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information and the interviews continued until reaching theoretical saturation. For analysis, open and axial and selective coding through MAXQDA software was used. The results of the research showed that the central phenomenon of the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in the university has four dimensions: environmental drivers, development factors, environmental barriers, and limiting factors. Financial and legal strategy, operational strategy, international strategy, and policy making strategy is needed to increase the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in the university, which leads to economic, scientific and cultural consequences at the level of the country. Financial and economic fields, appropriate support and policies in a changing environment, and an intense competitive environment help the resilience strategies of entrepreneurial behavior in the university to be operationalized under suitable situation. In this field, there are scientific, human, managerial, legal, structural, and financial obstacles that, by identifying and solving them, the improvement of the resilience dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior in the university and basic strategies can be maintained.
Extended abstract
Introduction
The modern era is associated with a dynamic and complex environment and extensive changes in the scientific, economic, and social fields; and the business environment is constantly changing and full of risk (Chitsazan et al, 2018). Meanwhile, change management to adapt to an uncertain future, as an important challenge, requires basic infrastructures (Talari et al, 2021). In this regard, communication and information, as well as human power and their intellectual resources are the most important factors of competitive advantage in this situation. Undoubtedly, entrepreneurs are important in the economic development of countries by using creativity and internal initiative. Entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary topic discussed in various fields such as psychology, sociology, economics, and management (Ebrahimi, 2018). Although entrepreneurs are known as people who are enthusiastic and interested in their jobs, they are always exposed to negative emotional states such as anxiety, fear and stress which, in turn, affects their entrepreneurship and opportunity recognition, decision-making, and creativity (Bulmash, 2016). This indicates that entrepreneurs face many threats and obstacles in the path of job creation. These obstacles cause disruption (Ghanbari et al, 2017) and ultimately accelerate entrepreneurial failure. This is a point that considers the individual resilience of the entrepreneur to be important in facing these factors (Vermziari & Imani, 2018). Resilience is one of the personality traits of entrepreneurs, and it is known as emotional and cognitive ability for entrepreneurs. Also, it is the driver of entrepreneurial performance or success that helps the entrepreneur to resist internal and external shocks. Entrepreneurial resilience refers to the ability of entrepreneurs to continue their future plans despite unstable events, market problems, and life conditions. This feature enables entrepreneurs to reduce the harmful effects of unexpected events, overcome it, and search for better situations (Fatoki, 2018). Theoretically, entrepreneurial resilience is related to the psychological trait theory based on the entrepreneur's personality traits and the attribution theory. Trait theory argues that entrepreneurs have their own personality traits, and entrepreneurial resilience is also dependent on personality traits. According to the attribution theory, entrepreneurial success or failure can be attributed to three dimensions. These items are the source of causality, stability, and controllability. Entrepreneurs may evaluate the outcome of events within or outside of their personal control. They attribute the tendency to succeed as well as not to succeed only to themselves and their actions (Rezai Moghadam & Masoumi, 2018).
Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question: what is the model of factors affecting the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in Alborz Technical and Vocational University?
Theoretical Framework
Entrepreneurship
Organizational entrepreneurship can be developed by delegating responsibility to employees to prepare budgets appropriate to their tasks, or by managing their departments as independent self-governing units (Cantino et al, 2017). Organizational entrepreneurship focuses on initiative and entrepreneurial spirit. An executive with an entrepreneurial spirit behaves as if he owns the company. This spirit leads to the desire to take more risks, understand how the market works, get rid of bureaucratic diseases, desire to do innovative activities, and emotional commitment to the organization (Davali et al, 2022).
Resilience
Resilience is one of the main structures of the positive psychology approach. In recent years, this approach with the slogan of paying attention to human talents and abilities (instead of dealing with disorders and anomalies) has been noticed by researchers, and includes different concepts. Resilience in the word means having a springy state and a reversible state; and in the psychological sense, it explains how people deal with unexpected situations and show stubbornness in the face of stress and unfortunate conditions. (Arce & Hitchcock, 2019).
Zare davijani et al, (2023) investigated the identification of factors affecting the weakening of entrepreneurship in university graduates of Payam Noor universities in Tehran province. The output of the research is to emphasize the strengthening of four variables, including the individual and personal capabilities and qualifications of the graduates, strengthening the educational elements related to the development of entrepreneurship in the university, strengthening the government's support conditions (facilitation, support, and encouragement), and finally intervention in the six environments effective on university entrepreneurship.
Heydary et al, (2023) studied the design of a model of resilience in government organizations of Kermanshah province. The results indicate that the causal factors include; Individual, group, and organizational factors. Also, the environment platform includes; the role of the government, political and economic factors, and electronic platforms. The consequences also indicate the continuity and progress of the organization. The results of the structural equations also showed that the resilience model has a favorable fit in government organizations.
Research methodology
According to its purpose, the research method is applicable, and in terms of implementation, it is qualitative, of thematic analysis type. The statistical population of the research includes 12 participants who are experts and professors of entrepreneurship. Sampling was done in a purposeful and snowball way. A semi-structured interview was used to collect information and the interviews continued until reaching theoretical saturation.
Research findings
For analysis, open and axial and selective coding through MAXQDA software was used. The results of the research showed that the central phenomenon of the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in the university has four dimensions: environmental drivers, development factors, environmental barriers, and limiting factors. Financial and legal strategy, operational strategy, international strategy, and policy making strategy is needed to increase the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in the university, which leads to economic, scientific and cultural consequences at the level of the country. Financial and economic fields, appropriate support and policies in a changing environment, and an intense competitive environment help the resilience strategies of entrepreneurial behavior in the university to be operationalized under suitable situation. In this field, there are scientific, human, managerial, legal, structural, and financial obstacles that, by identifying and solving them, the improvement of the resilience dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior in the university and basic strategies can be maintained.
Conclusion
The current research has been conducted with the aim of providing a model of factors affecting the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior in Technical and Vocational University of Alborz province. The results of this research is in agreement with the results of Zare davijani et al, (2023), Heydary et al, (2023), Karimi et al, (2022), Fernandez et al, (2022), Buruj Ali (2022), Khodaparast et al, (2022), Tabares et al, (2021), Nazari et al, (2020), Badzaban et al, (2020), Towers et al, (2020), Hasani et al, (2019), Al-Haddad et al, (2019), and Osborne & Gaebler (2018). Fernandez et al, (2022) examined entrepreneurial resilience: a case study on university students. The results show that resilience is built through intrapersonal and extrapersonal processes. These processes form a set of strategic dimensions related to entrepreneurial behavior applied to build personal projects.
According to the results of the research, the following suggestions were presented:
For the financial and legal strategy; solutions such as awareness of national and regional laws, taking advantage of protective laws, adapting laws and regulations, and budgetary and financial support are suggested. For the operational strategy; solutions such as research prioritization, entrepreneurship education planning, creation of science and technology parks, creation of growth centers, creation of learning network, creation of multinational companies and institutions, creation of technology transfer networks, creation of regional and international academic entrepreneurship networks, creation of industry and university liaison offices, creation of government and university networks, creation of entrepreneurial networks and institutional cooperation between them, educational and research and innovation institutions.
 

Abstract The purpose of the research is to design a model of resilience in government organizations of Kermanshah province. The research method is qualitative-quantitative. This research is developmental-applicative in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research includes government managers who have at least 10 years of experience. In order to sample; purposeful sampling method in the qualitative part was used, and in the quantitative part based on the number of extracted components, the number of samples was determined to be 396 people and the cluster method was used for sampling. In order to analyze the data, the coding method was used in the qualitative part and the structural equation model method was used in the quantitative part by PLS software. The results indicate that the causal factors include; individual, group and organizational factors. Also, the environmental platform includes; the role of the government, political and economic factors, and electronic platforms. The consequences also indicate the continuity and progress of the organization. The results of the structural equations also showed that the resilience model has a favorable fit in government organizations. Extended abstract Introduction Organizational resilience is a subcategory of positive organization and today, despite the attention to the term resilience and its vastly uses in various fields, there is a limited theoretical and practical understanding of this concept in its evaluation and measurement in relation to organizational resilience (Rafiyan et al, 2011). Resilience has been studied in many different fields, including management, security, ecology, psychology, disaster management, organization management, engineering, etc., but there is no definition acceptable in any field (Bergström et al., 2015). Resilience in the organizational field is not an exception to this rule. Researchers such as Alblas & Jayaram (2015), Alblas & Jayaram (2015), Chand & Loosemore (2016), and Hu et al, (2018) have considered organizational resilience as the ability to deal with changes, internal and external risks and impulses, and some such as Linnenluecke & Griffiths (2010), Alexiou (2014), and Ortiz & Bansal (2015) have defined resilience as a capacity to deal with changes, risk and impulses, and some others have considered it as an essential asset for the organization when it faces a risk (Ruiz-Martin et al, 2018). Rai et al, (2021) have considered organizational resilience as a way to deal with successive environmental crises. Organizations try to prepare themselves for all kinds of crises in advance and without fear by planning and making necessary preparations against all kinds of crises. Resilience means developing new competencies and broad capabilities to sustain momentum by creating new opportunities. Also, in this definition, resilience is considered as success due to the ability to invest in challenges and unexpected changes. According to another definition, resilience is the ability of a person or organization to quickly design and implement positive adaptive movements coordinated with an emergency situation, in such a way as to bear little pressure. Others define it as an essential asset for the organization when it faces a risk (Ruiz-Martin et al, 2018). Therefore, the concept of organizational resilience includes resistance, compromise and adaptation as the main assets and refers to shock absorption, reorganization and learning, etc. as the main capacities. Resilient organizations are also organizations that are able to deal with unforeseen shocks such as financial crises and globalization of competition, etc., and in some cases, it makes the organization prosper. In fact, resilience can be considered a necessity in recent centuries. Today's societies are increasingly facing emergency and crisis situations that challenge social and economic stability, and they rely on the services and employment provided by organizations to achieve resilience, because organizational resilience and societies' resilience are two sides of the same coin, and this means that if organizations are not ready to respond to emergencies and crises, then societies will not be ready either (Stephenson, 2010). Resilient organizations are organizations that can overcome crises with low costs due to their preparation and planning and high flexibility. All organizations should consider resilience against threats and environmental changes as one of their important and strategic goals and consider achieving this important goal. Therefore, the present research, with regard to the earthquake that happened in some cities of Kermanshah province in 2016 and caused a lot of money and lives (about 2,000 dead and 10,000 injured), seeks to, by designing a model of resilience in the government organizations of this province, help to increase their strength and readiness, which will reduce the amount of damages to the lowest possible level in the repetition of such events. The main question of the current research is: what are the characteristics of the model of resilience in government organizations of Kermanshah province? Theoretical framework The word resilience was presented for the first time by Holling in 1973 in a study titled resilience and stability of ecological systems. Then this term has been used for various other forms of resilience such as individual, organizational, supply chain, etc. If we consider people as a part of societies, resilience depends on societies and is not limited to social relations and social structure. One way to create resilience is to support people to create favorable social relations through technical resilience interventions. These interventions can include the development of services, the use of resources in communities, and the creation of new social and operational values for them. The origins and meaning of resilience as a scientific concept is ambiguous (Friend & Moench, 2013). The concept of resilience is used everywhere in both physical and social sciences. However, it has different meanings at different times. In recent years, resilience has become more common in both scientific and political discourses (Meerow & Newell, 2015). In fact, there are many meanings and concepts for resilience, there are wide definitions and interpretations of resilience, many of which are taken from the academic community of ecological systems. Originally, resilience is related to hazard studies, materials science and environmental studies, and also is a concept that has been used freely and enthusiastically by a wide range of policy makers, practitioners and academic researchers in the last decade. Although the actual meaning associated with this term varies accordingly, there are actually a large number of conceptual frameworks for resilience that are increasing day by day, reflecting its complex and multidimensional nature (Breetzke & Pearson, 2017). In relation to organizational resilience, it can be acknowledged that this category is a subcategory of positive organization, but today, even with attention to the term resilience and its many uses in various fields, especially in relation to organizational resilience, there is a limited theoretical and practical understanding of this concept in its evaluation, measurement or creation (Rafiyan, 2011). In general, two views have been mentioned in relation to organizational resilience, one of which defines resilience as the ability to return to the normal situation in the face of adversity, conflict, failure or positive events, and the other includes the development of new capabilities and the ability to expand simultaneously or even create new opportunities. Vogest also acknowledges that a resilient organization is considered to be able to maintain positive settings under challenging conditions (Hillmann & Guenther, 2021). Therefore, resilience is a necessity to respond to threats and also to adapt positively in the face of challenging conditions, accept opportunities, and provide sustainable performance (Duchek, 2020). Methodology The current research is developmental-applicative in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection according to the nature of the research. In order to collect data in the qualitative part, in-depth semi-structured interviews were used, which were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling. The statistical population of the research included managers who are in government organizations of Kermanshah province and had at least 10 years of experience. The statistical population of quantitative section is a small part of the employees of the government organizations of Kermanshah province, whose number is 5641 people. Sampling in the quantitative section is 5 to 15 times the number of observed or apparent components (Homan, 2017). Considering that 33 primary components have been extracted, at least 190 questionnaires should have been distributed. The sampling method in this research was cluster. As a result, 400 questionnaires were distributed, of which 396 were usable. Discussion and Results The researcher analyzes the data in depth and presents them in the form of Strauss & Corbin theory (2008), and the main purpose of the research is to understand the situation. In this research process, after determining the core category, other categories are drawn in the form of a paradigmatic pattern around the core category. By using selective coding, the relationship between the categories has been identified and the conceptual model has been presented in an integrated manner. After making sure that there is a reasonable correlation and relationship between the observations and the related local variables, it is time for another important analysis, through which the statistical hypotheses of the current research will be investigated. In this part, the overview of the research model was examined first, and then each hypothesis was investigated separately. As it is clear in the previous figures, the value of t among the causal conditions, the central phenomenon, the consequences and the environmental background is higher than 1.96, which indicates the significance of the relationships between them. This shows that the model extracted in government organizations of Kermanshah is a suitable model. Also, the coefficients between the mentioned factors are all positive. Therefore, it is positive and direct between them. Also, in Table 13, the estimated coefficients and explained variance of the research variables are reported.   Conclusion The purpose of this research is to study resilience in government organizations of Kermanshah province. Therefore, while examining the concept of resilience; antecedents, environmental background and consequences of organizational resilience have been identified and a model of resilience has been presented in government organizations of Kermanshah province. After designing the research model, a number of interviewees were asked to express their opinions regarding the presented model so that required corrections can be made if necessary. The findings of the research were evaluated and reviewed by five university professors and three PhD. students, and necessary corrections were made while receiving opinions. In the following, explanations are given about each of the factors of the model. Based on the research model, "organizational resilience" as a central category based on the causal conditions of "individual, group and organizational factors" and taking into account the role of the government, economic and political factors and electronic platforms as a pattern is realized and leads to the creation of continuity in the organization and the progress of the organization. The research findings are in line with the results of Ruiz-Martin et al, (2018) and Lengnick-Hall et al, (2011).