Mahsa Savadkoohi Qudjanki; Mohammadreza Zarbakhsh Bahri
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the causal model of the feeling of Twitter users' loneliness based on the lifestyle and stress coping styles with the mediation of social network dependence. The research method was descriptive- correlative. The statistical society was ...
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Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the causal model of the feeling of Twitter users' loneliness based on the lifestyle and stress coping styles with the mediation of social network dependence. The research method was descriptive- correlative. The statistical society was the Twitter users of Teheran city with at least 2 years membership in virtual space. 200 people were selected as a statistical sample based on the purposeful sampling method. Subjects responded to the questionnaires of addiction to social networks by Ahmadi et al. (2015), loneliness by Russell et al. (1980), lifestyle by Miller and Smith (1988), and coping styles by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). The validity of the questionnaires was examined and confirmed based on the content validity using the opinion of experts, the validity based on the opinion of a number of the statistical community, and the structure using the factor analysis method. The reliability of the questionnaire by crunbach α was estimated for lifestyle as 0.88, coping styles with stress as 0.80, feelings of loneliness as 0.79, and dependence on social networks as 0.78, respectively. Data analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including the modeling of structural equations by Lisrel software. The results showed that all the hypotheses of the research had a favorable fit. Lifestyle with an impact factor of 0.52 and stress coping styles with an impact factor of 0.56 are indirectly related to loneliness.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, the Internet and virtual space have become an important part of people's life, work, education, entertainment, and social activities, and have affected people's lifestyles (Mansoorian et al, 2015). Regardless of the many uses of the Internet in today's daily life, this technology has special and unique features that increase its appeal to users. The possibility of remaining anonymous, easy access, variety of content and providing the possibility to get away from the unpleasant realities of life are among these attractions (Mirkazemi et al, 2020) and social networks have strongly taken their place among family members, especially young people, in the last decade (Mesch, 2019). On the other hand, addiction to the Internet and virtual space can cause various types of disorders. Even in severe cases, Internet addicts may be destructive to themselves, their families, and their workplaces (Chebbi et al, 2020).
On the one hand, lifestyle is rooted in the individual and personal identity, and on the other hand, it is related to cultural factors and social contexts such as mass media and virtual space (Forghani & Gholizadeh Gozlo, 2021). Dependence on virtual space can have a significant impact on people's lifestyles and lead people away from collectivism and the tendency to spend time with real people, and lead more people to the direction of not loving themselves as they are and trying to show an image of oneself that is not real, and this causes a person's feeling of loneliness (Masui, 2019).
Based on this, the main question of the current research is whether there is a relationship between lifestyle and stress coping styles with the feeling of loneliness of Twitter users and the mediating role of social network dependence.
Theoretical foundations
The feeling of loneliness is an uncomfortable emotional experience, but it also emphasizes the cognitive element in that the feeling of loneliness is caused by the perception that a person's social connections do not meet some of his expectations (Motamedi et al., 2018).
In the conceptual definition of lifestyle, the British sociologist Giddens (1983) believes that lifestyle can be interpreted as a more or less comprehensive set of functions that a person uses (Mohammadi Mehr et al, 2019).
Experiencing emotions caused by stressful events is usually so uncomfortable for a person that coping with stress will follow (Alzoubi et al, 2019). People try to deal with that style by adopting unique methods. Stress coping styles are behavioral and cognitive efforts that people make in order to adapt more to the environment (Ebrahimi Tazekand, 2018).
When people spend a lot of time on the Internet and virtual social networks, the motivation to interact with others is reduced (Aytac, 2018), they have less ability to maintain real friendships, spend less time talking with family, and the feeling of loneliness and isolation is spreading in them day by day (Farhadinia et al, 2015).
Hong et al, (2021) conducted a study entitled "The influence of self-identity on social support, loneliness and Internet addiction among Chinese students". The results showed that the amount of social support and individual identity of students plays an important role in reducing their loneliness and internet addiction.
AlSumait et al, (2021) conducted a research titled "The role of addiction to virtual networks in psychological well-being and feeling of loneliness". The statistical community is users of the Instagram network. The results showed that addiction to the Internet and virtual networks reduces people's mental well-being levels and doubles the feeling of loneliness and stress in them.
Research Methodology
The research method is descriptive-correlative in nature and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the research was made up of Twitter users of Tehran, who have been members of this virtual network for at least 2 years (in 2022). The number of 200 people was selected as the sample size and by the purposeful sampling method. The questionnaire of Khaja Ahmadi et al. (2015) was used to collect data related to the variable of addiction to mobile based social networks, and the questionnaire of Russell et al. (1996) was used for the variable of feeling lonely, the questionnaire of Miller and Smith for the variable of lifestyle, and the questionnaire of Lazarus and Folkman (1980) for variable of coping with stress.
Research Findings
In order to investigate the hypothesis of the research, the modeling of structural equations, the method of structural equation modeling with the help of spss software was used to test the hypotheses from inferential statistics. Then, Lisrel statistical software was used to measure the effects of independent and mediator variables with the dependent variable, and the results showed that the direct effect of lifestyle with dependence on social networks is (-0.67). Based on this, there is a negative and significant relationship between lifestyle and dependence on social networks. The results showed that the direct effect of lifestyle with feeling of loneliness is (-0.71). Accordingly, there is a negative and significant relationship between lifestyle and feeling of loneliness. The results showed that the direct effect of stress coping style with dependence on social networks is (-0.37). Accordingly, there is a negative and significant relationship between stress coping style and dependence on social networks. The results showed that the direct effect of stress coping style is with loneliness (-0.41). Based on this, there is a negative and significant relationship between the style of dealing with stress and the feeling of loneliness. The results showed that the direct effect of dependence on social networks is with the feeling of loneliness (-0.78). Based on this, there is a positive and significant relationship between dependence on social networks and feelings of loneliness. The results showed that the direct effect of lifestyle-dependence on social networks-feeling lonely (0.52) and the direct effect of stress coping style-dependence on social networks-feeling lonely (0.55). Based on this, there is a significant relationship between the lifestyle and stress coping styles with the feeling of loneliness of Twitter users with the mediating role of dependence on social networks.
Conclusion and Discussion
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between lifestyle and stress coping styles with the feeling of loneliness of Twitter users with the mediating role of social network dependence. The results of this research are consistent with the results of Xu (2017), Anari & Taklvi (2017), Guo et al (2020), Zoghi et al, (2020), Hong et al, (2021) and Arabi et al, (2021); research has shown that there are communication, emotional, functional and health-related problems in people who are dependent on social networks (Hong et al., 2014). The appearance of these networks is collective, but it may also make people lonely. Today, cultural changes have made people want to establish wide connections with the world around them, while being alone. Social networks provide this demand. With the various services they provide to their users, these networks have a greater impact on their lives and society as well as social behaviors; they have different political, economic, social, cultural and communication functions and according to communication experts, they reduce face-to-face relationships more than before. According to the results of the research, correct cultural policies are suggested to guide users towards the correct use of the Internet and benefit from its positive aspects in educational and learning environments. From the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that considering the widespread use of smart phones and teenagers' membership in mobile-based social networks, it is necessary to make teenagers aware of the effective and appropriate uses of smart phones by controlling the antecedents of addiction to its use.
omolbanin Ramaji; iraj shakerinia
Abstract
Extended AbstractAbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare emotional disclosure, tolerance of turmoil and lifestyle among students of gifted and normal boys' schools in Tonekabon city. The research method was descriptive-correlative in nature, and applicable in terms of purpose. The statistical ...
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Extended AbstractAbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare emotional disclosure, tolerance of turmoil and lifestyle among students of gifted and normal boys' schools in Tonekabon city. The research method was descriptive-correlative in nature, and applicable in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 525 students of seventh, eighth and ninth grades of high-intelligence and normal boys' schools in Tonekabon city. A total of 120 people (60 ordinary school students and 60 gifted school students) were selected as the sample size by simple random sampling. To collect data, standard questionnaires of emotional self-disclosure of Snell (2001), emotional distress tolerance of Simmons and Chahar (2005), and lifestyle of Lali et al. (2012) were used, whose validity was confirmed by academic experts, and their reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. In order to analyze the data, one-way and multivariate analysis of variance test was used by Spss software version 22. Findings showed that the level of significance for the variables of emotional disclosure, disturbance tolerance and lifestyle is less than 0.05. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the scores of the two groups of gifted and normal students. The results show that there is a significant difference between emotional disclosure, tolerance of turmoil, and lifestyle of gifted and normal boys' school students in Tonekabon.IntroductionGifted and talented children are those who, in the opinion of competent and skilled people, are capable of excellent performance because of their outstanding talents. These children need different educational services and programs beyond what is usually provided through the normal school curriculum to realize their responsibility to themselves and society (Yaghoobi et al, 2019). Marland (1976) identifies gifted students as those who are considered to be competent because of their outstanding abilities. These students need special educational programs and services (which are not provided in regular schools). These students have significant progress or potential in (one or more contexts) general academic aptitude, special academic aptitude, creative thinking, leadership ability, visual and performing arts, and psychomotor ability (Ngieng et al, 2022). Education and life are two sides of the same coin, and an important factor that helps teachers create the conditions for an effective life is to pay attention to the lifestyle of the students. Accordingly, adapting or differentiating teaching methods with learners' lifestyles is of particular importance; because not every teaching necessarily leads to the right lifestyle. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the facilitators and inhibitors of life (Nizamutdinova et al, 2019). Another variable that is addressed in the present study is the confusion tolerance of students. Turbulence tolerance refers to the ability to experience and tolerate negative psychological situations. Disorder may be the product of physical and cognitive processes, but its representation is an emotional state that is often characterized by a desire to act to escape the emotional experience (Simons & Gaher, 2005; Li et al, 2021). One of the strategies to reduce interpersonal problems in children and students is emotional disclosure. According to Kennedy et al. (1999), emotion expression has four main functions: regulating arousal, self-perception, improving coping skills, and improving interpersonal relationships. In the process of emotional disclosure, the individual expresses his or her deepest emotional experiences verbally or in writing to himself or herself or others (Adineh & Hasani, 2016). According to the above, the main issue of the research is whether there is a significant difference between emotional disclosure, tolerance of turmoil, and lifestyle of gifted and normal boys' school students in Tonekabon city.Theoretical frameworkHealth requires the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. The lifestyle is importance mostly because it is effective on lifestyle and disease prevention. Lifestyle correction is essential to maintain and promote health. Promoting health and ensuring the health of individuals in society is one of the important pillars of community development (Araghian et al, 2020).Turbulence tolerance is conceptualized as a sub-emotional concept and is considered as an attribute rather than an emotional state. Turbulence tolerance is how people respond to negative emotions, which includes additional information beyond the individual's awareness of the amount of negative emotions experienced (Andrés et al, 2021).During emotional revelation, people are confronted with the deepest thoughts and feelings that come from their past. Emotional disclosure is a relatively new method that has been welcomed by researchers in recent decades. Emotional disclosure in writing form in various sources is referred to as the writing paradigm.Namvar (2020) in a study examined the role of lifestyle and mental disorder in functional disability. He stated that the factors of responsibility for health, stress management, interpersonal support and mental disorder have a significant relationship with functional disability. In other words, a person who received a high score on the lifestyle scale has a lower score on the subscales of functional disability than other people.Talebi et al (2020) also analyzed the effects of psychological well-being on disturbance tolerance in the study. The study population was the mothers of students with mental retardation in District 15 of Tehran. Their results showed that psychological well-being training increases disturbance tolerance and reduces mental confusion and depression.MethodologyThe research method is descriptive-correlative in nature, and applicable in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 725 students of 7th, 8th and 9th grade of high-intelligence and normal schools boys in Tonekabon city. A total of 120 people (60 ordinary school students and 60 gifted school students) were selected as the sample size by simple random sampling. data related to research variables was collected through the emotional self-disclosure questionnaire by Snell (2001) including 40 questions and 8 components (depression, happiness, jealousy, anxiety, anger, calmness, composure and fear), and emotional distress tolerance questionnaire (DTS) By Simonzo Gaher (2005) including 15 items and 4 components (tolerance, absorption, evaluation and adjustment), and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ) (2012) which includes 66 questions based on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree).Discussion and ResultsIn order to test the research hypothesis and analyze the data, Spss software version 22 was used, and the results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of the two groups in the variables of emotional disclosure, distress tolerance and lifestyle. The acquired significance level for research variables in gifted and normal students is less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the variables of emotional disclosure, anxiety tolerance and lifestyle in gifted and normal students and the research hypotheses are confirmed.ConclusionThe aim of this study was to compare the exposure of emotional disclosure, disturbance tolerance and, lifestyle among students of gifted and normal boys' schools in Tonekabon city. The results of this study are consistent with the results of the findings of Kaiser & et al, (2012); Li & et al, (2021); Kalhori, (2021); and Talebi & etal, (2020). The goal of emotional disclosure is to help students evaluate and process their emotional experience and create new meaning in their lives. There is evidence shows that students can significantly experience deep arousal-emotional experience in this way, which is associated with positive outcomes in the treatment of students' problems (Ebadi et al, 2021). Emotional self-disclosure of Identifying conflicting emotions, placing people in an empty-seat conversation position, calming down, breaking down feelings of inadequacy, describing the tone, and extent of distress, and teaching the transition process in emotion-focused therapy also help individuals perform better on lifestyle-related topics (Lumley et al, 2018). The main problem of emotion disclosure is that emotion is an essential part of an individual's structure and a key factor for self-organization. In this regard, the most basic level of emotion function is an adaptive form of information processing and readiness that directs one's behavior and contributes to his psychological well-being (Vera, 2021). Gifted people are outstanding in general intelligence, i.e. their performance in all matters is higher than the average of their peers, but talented people are not superior in all matters to their peers; they are extremely prominent in one or more special areas. They have more adaptability, and in the face of adversity, they have greater self-confidence and emotional stability, and another characteristic of them is their desire for independence (Safaei & Sedaghat, 2020).According to the present study, it is suggested that educational authorities hold workshops to provide the necessary training to reduce emotional self-disclosure. On the other hand, those involved in the educational system should pay special attention to the improvement and teaching of students' academic and life styles, because with the growth and improvement of positive psychological characteristics, their academic performance increases. On one hand, providing psychological interventions to promote tolerance, optimism and hope will prevent students' confusion. On the other hand, the healthier the students 'lifestyle, the better will be their academic achievement. Therefore, it is suggested that the education departments make plans to improve the students' lifestyle and monitor these goals annually. One of the limitations of the present study is the implementation of research in a sample of students, which reduces the generalization of results to other groups. Based on this, it is suggested that future researchers conduct the present study in other age groups and compare the results with each other.
