management
Mojtaba Sargazi; Masoud Ramrodi
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational transparency on employee’s voice with the mediating role of social responsibility. The research method was descriptive-correlative. The statistical population was all school principals in Zahedan city in the academic ...
Read More
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational transparency on employee’s voice with the mediating role of social responsibility. The research method was descriptive-correlative. The statistical population was all school principals in Zahedan city in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=380: 191 male, 189 famale). By stratified random sampling (based on sex and education level) 191 school principals (96 male and 95 female) were selected according to Cochran sampling, and studied as the sample through questionnaires of organizational transparency, social responsibility and employee voice. The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis by SPSS21 and Smart PLS software. Based on the results, the direct effect of organizational transparency on employee voice, direct effect of organizational transparency on social responsibility, and direct effect social responsibility on employee voice was positive and significant. Also, the indirect effect of organizational transparency on employee voice mediated by social responsibility was positive and significant. Based of the results managers of educational organizations are advised to by sharing relevant, accurate, complete, valid information in a timely manner, involving employees in decision-making, receiving feedback, holding regular meetings of the teachers' council and being honest in expressing accurate and complete information and avoiding any secrecy, can increase organizational transparency, social responsibility and employee’s voice.Extended abstractIntroductionOne of the important examples of organizational participation is the voice of employees. The voice of employees includes discussing problems with supervisors, providing solutions, suggestions and criticisms to human resources units, expressing ideas for changing a work policy or consulting with unions and organizational experts, which is done with the aim of improving the current situation of the organization and changing unfavorable conditions (Travis, Gomez & Mor Barak, 2011). An ineffective employee voice system reduces the effectiveness of organizational decisions and change processes by limiting employees' comments and preventing them from providing negative feedback (Rees, Alfes & Gatenby, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to seek to identify the factors affecting the voice of the employees, and in this study, the role of two factors, organizational transparency and social responsibility, has been examined. Although, from a theoretical point of view, there is a connection between organizational transparency and the voice of employees, but few studies have investigated these two variables with the mediation of social responsibility, and there is less empirical evidence in the field of their relationship with each other. The researcher found that such research has not been done in the field of school administration. Therefore, investigating the effect of organizational transparency on the organizational voice of employees through the mediation of social responsibility can lead to the expansion of knowledge in the field of predictive factors of employee voice; and from a practical point of view, it can also provide the possibility of improving the participation of employees in schools. Based on this, the main question of the current research is whether organizational transparency has a positive and significant effect on the voice of employees with the mediating role of social responsibility.Theoretical foundationsIn the first stage, the voice of the employees is an expression of organizational dissatisfaction, the purpose of which is to correct the existing problems in the organization. In the second stage, the participation and cooperation of employees is aimed at confronting the illegal and illegitimate power of managers. The third goal of employee voice is to help managers to make decisions in order to improve the quality of work and productivity in the organization. In the end, the voice of employees is a mutual comment and mutual cooperation in the direction of developing the organization and achieving appropriate results in the long term (Anyango, Ojera & Ochieng, 2015).Organizational transparency, which is the opposite of concealment, emphasizes the openness and accountability of organizations (Wehmeier & Raaz, 2012). Organizational transparency means public access to all information (either positive or negative) that can legally be published in an accurate, timely, balanced and unambiguous manner, in order to achieve the increase of the ability of reasoning, and public understanding, and accountability of organizations to their actions, policies, and approaches. A transparent organization is an organization where people inside and outside can obtain the information they need in order to form their opinions about the actions and processes within the organization (Lindstedt, C., & Naurin, 2010).Social responsibility is an ethical theory in which individuals are accountable for fulfilling their civic duty, and the actions of an individual must benefit the whole of society. In this way, there must be a balance between economic growth and the welfare of society and the environment. If this equilibrium is maintained, then social responsibility is accomplished (Hunton & Norman, 2010).Research MethodologyThe research method was descriptive-correlative. The statistical population was all three levels of school principals in Zahedan city in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=380: 191 male, 189 famale). By stratified random sampling (based on sex and education level) 191 school principals (96 male and 95 female) were selected according to Cochran sampling, and studied as the sample through questionnaires of organizational transparency (Rawlins, 2008), social responsibility (Carroll, 1991), and employee voice (Hames, 2012).The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis by SPSS21 and Smart PLS software.Research FindingsBased on the findings, the correlation coefficient of organizational transparency with social responsibility and employee voice was 0.596 and 0.812, respectively, and the correlation coefficient between social responsibility and employee voice was 0.701, which were all positive and significant (p<0.01). According to the obtained model, the direct effect of organizational transparency on employee voice (t=7.705, β =0.612), the direct effect of organizational transparency on social responsibility (t=6.716, β =0.597), and the direct effect of social accountability on the voice of employees (t=4.547, β=0.336) was positive and significant. Also, to investigate the indirect effect of organizational transparency on the voice of employees with the mediation of social responsibility, Sobel test was used, which according to the value of indicators: a) the value of the path coefficient of the independent variable on the mediator variable a = 0.597, b) the value of the path coefficient of the mediator variable on the dependent variable b=0.336, c) Standard error of path of independent and mediator variable Sa=0.064, d) Standard error of path of dependent and mediator variable Sb=0.053; Z value obtained was equal to 5.24. Since this Z value was greater than the value of 2.58, the indirect effect of organizational transparency on employee voice with the mediation of social responsibility (β=0.200) was also positive and significant at a level less than 0.01. Conclusion and DiscussionOverall, the findings of this study showed that organizational transparency has a positive and significant effect on employee voice both directly and indirectly through social responsibility. The results of studies of Ghanbari et al., (2015), Ghanbari & Moradi (2018), Nichols & Erakovich (2013), Walumbwa et al., (2011), Danaifard & Amirzadeh (2016), Armstrong (2006), Stojanovski et al., (2014), Keykha et al., (2020), Sepahvand & Ghorbani Oranji (2015), Bahmani & Farhanian (2019) supports this finding. According to the results of this research, it is suggested to the administers of the organizations that by sharing relevant, correct, complete and valid information in a timely manner, involving employees in decision-making, receiving feedback, holding regular teacher council meetings and being honest in expressing accurate and complete information and avoiding any kind of concealment, they can increase the organizational transparency of schools, social responsibility and, accordingly, the voice of the employees. Considering the implementation of the research on school principals in Zahedan city, caution should be taken in generalizing the results. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct such research in other educational regions of the country.
shahab bahrami; mohammad saeid kiani; leila nazari; Leila shahbazpour
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social responsibility of sports teachers on optimizing leisure time and preventing social harms of students. The study method was descriptive- correlative. The statistical population of the study included all 2950female ...
Read More
Extended Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social responsibility of sports teachers on optimizing leisure time and preventing social harms of students. The study method was descriptive- correlative. The statistical population of the study included all 2950female high school students in the seventh district of Tehran. The sample size was determined based on Krejcie and Morgan table of 370 students who were selected by means of cluster random sampling method. Data collection tools included the standard questionnaire of Barton Goff (2012), the researcher-made questionnaire of Kashefi and Nazari (2018) and the questionnaire of Aaghaii and Timurtash (2009). The validity of the questionnaires in terms of form and content was confirmed by sports management professors and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. Data analyzing was accomplished by Spss statistical software. Findings showed that the social responsibility of sports teachers is effective in optimizing students' leisure time and social harms. Furthermore, leisure time is effective in preventing students' social harms. Favorable spending of leisure time in a comprehensive and essential form allows young people to meet the aspects of life; experience of teamwork; skills; and design a bright and promising future.
Introduction
Various activities are performed in the education system for the growth and excellence of individuals and bringing human beings to the desired perfection; including educational, research, cultural, social, athletic, etc. (Ahmadi & et al, 2020). Today, social responsibility goes far beyond its field of activity and influence in the past, which was humanitarian. Social responsibility has found its role and place in the field of business to achieve sustainable development, on preventive solutions to the social and environmental challenges and similar areas (Chau & et al, 2018). Therefore, one of the most important indicators and components of social growth is social responsibility (Commentary & et al, 2019). Responsibility is obligation and inner commitment of the individual in the proper performance of all activities entrusted to her (Ester Cerin & et al, 2017). On the other hand, sometimes, there is a kind of confusion accompanied by a decrease in self-esteem and self-concept during a special and sensitive period of adolescence, which leads to a decrease in natural activities and social interactions. Therefore, the adolescent can be prepared to learn ethical concepts by being taught responsibility and assigning appropriate plans to him/her (Faith & et al, 2016). Participation in sports activities is one of the educational activities during which the students can develop characteristics such as responsibility, cooperation and social relations (Ghalavandi & et al, 2018). Nowadays, some concerns of parents and teachers are optimal learning and correct education and avoidance of social harms of students, and there are many ways to achieve these goals, including all kinds of encouragement and laziness, and visiting doctors and psychologists, and etc., nontheless few people have tried the effect of exercise on learning and reducing social harms. Also, in our country, less attention is paid to students' leisure time, and the reason is that leisure time has not yet found its real place in society. The plans of education officials and families and the responsibility of teachers, especially physical education teachers, are not enough for students' leisure time and do not provide them with satisfaction. Accordingly, the responsibility of teachers, who have an effective role in reducing the social harms of students in their spare time, is felt more. According to the contents of this article, an attempt is made to answer the question that how far the sport teachers are effective on optimizing leisure time and preventing social harms of students?
Theoretical framework
Inadequate and unfavorable social results are obtained when "leisure" is not designed for attractive, fun and uplifting programs full of "educational" elements. Spending this time in the context of healthy activities can reduce its harmful aspects and be a preventive measure against adolescents going astray on these ages (Mehrdad, 2011). A study by Yen et al. Found that adolescents who spend their leisure time with friends in "unsupervised activities" are more likely to exhibit "aggressive" behaviors than adolescents who are "organized" and "active" during leisure time and also indoor activities (Khwaja Nouri & Hasheminia. 2010). In a study Hosseini and Mirzaei Khalis (2021) examined the mediating role of social goals in the relationship between mental vulnerability and responsibility in female high school students, and the results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between students' psychological vulnerability and their social goals responsibility. (Hosseini and Mirzaei Khalis, 2021).
Methodology
The present study is methodically descriptive-correlative. The statistical population of this study includes statistically 2950 female high school students in the seventh district of Tehran, of which 370 students were selected as a research sample by cluster random sampling. The validity of the questionnaires was determined by the point views of sports management experts and so were the questionnaires approved. The reliability of the questionnaires in this study was determined by Cronbach's alpha. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the social responsibility, leisure and social harm questionnaires were 0.75, 0.85 and 0.86, respectively, which has the desired reliability of the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as central indicators were used to analyze the data and correlation coefficient and regression were used to measure the relationship between variables.
Discussion and Results
The camera-Watson test was used to test the research hypotheses. Considering the value of simple correlation coefficient, it can be said that sport has an effect on optimizing the leisure time of female high school students in the seventh district of Tehran (R = 0.146). Also, the social responsibility of sports teachers has an effect on the prevention of social harms of female high school students in the seventh district of Tehran (R = 0.253). Leisure time also has an effect on the prevention of social harms of female high school students in the seventh district of Tehran (R = 0.351).
Conclusion
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of social responsibility of sports teachers on the optimization of leisure time and prevention of social harms of students. Researches in the field of social responsibility can be referred such as Modarres Yazdi et al. (2020), Taghvai Yazdi (2016), Qalavandi et al., and in the field of leisure time, such as Hdayyan and Dodkhah (2020), Tamizifar & Azizifar (2021), Khater Wisie and Yektayar (2020), Mousavi Rad and Keshavarz (2018), Ester et al. (Ester, & Eva, 2020), Chau et al. (2018). Research results show that the variables of social responsibility and leisure are effective as two factors. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the social responsibility of sports teachers is directly related to students 'leisure time. Therefore, leisure time not only prevents the spread of social anomalies, but also helps the students' development in a way that they feel responsible towards the community and peers, so leisure activities for a student are conditions for trial and error and social experience that allows him to enter the community and take responsibility. Among the limitations of the present study, it can be mentioned that during the present study the researcher found that other variables (economic-facilities, cultural-social, and family and personal factor) are effective in preventing social harms, but in the present study it has been assumed to be constant. Sports can have a significant effect on the vitality of male and female students. Students who are in a better mental condition are undoubtedly safe from most social ills such as addiction and sexual perversion. These students, healthy and vital. are more successful in other stages of life, (A healthy mind in a healthy body) and they will be successful parents in the future.
